William James Essay -- philosophy of pragmatism

William James was a philosopher and psychologist but was most well known in the field of Psychology for developing the philosophy of pragmatism, or the Functionalist theory Theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment. He was also the first Psychologist to be born in America.William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. His father, Henry James Sr. was a Swednborgian theologian, and one of his brothers was the great novelist Henry James. Throughout his youth, William attended private schools in the United States and Europe. He later attended the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard University and because Harvard Medical School, where he received his degree in 1869 in the field of Physiology. The way that William got into the field of Psychology was that he got his degree in physiology and also enjoyed poring over philosophy in his spare time, in psychology, he found, linked the two together. Before finishing his medical studies, he went on an exploring expedition in brazil with the Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz and also studied psychology in Germany. During this time, William retired due to illness but that didnt stop his from excelling in the field. Three years later, in 1872, at the age of thirty, William become an instructor in physiology at Harvard University. In 1875, William started teaching Psychology at Harvard and after 1880 he was teaching both cl...

Toni Morrison and bell hooks Represent Blacks in American Literature :: Biography Biographies Essays

Toni Morrison and bell hooks Represent Blacks in American Literature    Two widely know and influential authors, bell hooks and Toni Morrison, share similar beliefs and themes with regards to the black community.  One theme in particular that the two writers emphasize is the representation of blacks in American literary works today.  hooks feels that African Americans are misrepresented, where Morrison believes that blacks are not represented at all.  hooks evidence of this theme is portrayed primarily in the sexist and racialist representations the characters exhibit.  Overall, both authors feel that the negative portrayal of the black community needs to stop in order for a pause instinct of our national literature.    Toni Morrison believes that the literature in America has taken as its concern the whitened man as its character base.  Morrison states, American literature is free of, uniformed by, and unshaped by the four-hund red-year-old presence of the first Africans (205).  She believes the entire history of the African culture has had no important place in the present state of our cultures literature.  The American literature distinct today tends to depict the white males views, genius, and power leaving out all concerns for the black race.  Morrison is convinced that, the contemplation of the black presence is central to any understanding of our national literature and should not be relegated to the margins of the literary imagination (205-06).  Morrisons quote stresses the importance of the representation of black presence in todays literature for a better national comprehension of this writing.    Two primary reasons Morrison believes that blacks are left out are the writers themselves, and the silence that has historically ruled literature.  She believes, National literatures, like writers, get on as best they can and with what they can. Yet they do seem to end up describing and inscribing what is really on the national mind (208).  This is the interest in the white man.  Writers produce, and companies publish what the public wants to read about.  According to Morrison, this is not the black presence, rather views and interests in the white man.  The other reason she believes blacks are left out are, that in matters of race, silence and evasion have historically ruled literary discourse (207).

Leibniz And Spinoza As Applied To Baseball :: essays research papers

Essay 2First we will consider the assigned baseball scenario low Leibnizs system of metaphysics. In the baseball scenario, the aggregate of the player, bat, pitch, swing and all the other substances in the universe atomic number 18 one and all contingent. There are other possible things, to be sure but there are too other possible universes that could have existed but did not. The totality of contingent things, the bat, the player, etc., themselves do not explain themselves. Here Leibniz involves the principle of reason there can be found no fact that is true or existent, or whatsoever true proposition, without there being a sufficient reason for its being so and not otherwise. There must be, Leibniz insists, something outside the totality of contingent things (baseball games) which explains them, something which is itself undeniable and therefore requires no explanation other than itself. This forms Leibnizs proof for the existence of immortal a version of Aquinass cosmolog ical arguments. God, then, is the necessary being which constitutes the explanation of contingent being, why the universe is this way rather than any other. Not only is God the explanation of the baseball scenario but he is also the source of the intelligibility of such concepts as bat, swing and pitch. Leibniz goes further to prove the omniscience of God. If God is the explanation of the intelligibility of the universe, then God must have access to that intelligibility, such that God could be said to know what it is that being allowed to exist---that is, God must have the ability to grasp complete concepts. Not only does God constitute the contingent baseball game but he also knows what will take place before it happens. The pitch, swing and hit all take place not because God creates them but because he allows them. There is only one constraint on what God allows to happen, it must not violate Leibnizs other base principle---non-contradiction. God could not allow it to happen that the batter hit the ball and the pitcher got a strike. God chooses the universe that is most perfect, therefore the hitter collision the ball out of he park was the most perfect of all possibilities.Leibniz uses the word Monad to mean that which is one, has no parts and is therefore indivisible. These are the natural existing things. A monad contains within itself all the predicates that are true of the subject of which it is the concept, and these predicates are related by sufficient reason into a capacious single network of explanation.

Awake and Sing by Clifford Odet versus A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine

Clifford Odets play, Awake and Sing, and Lorraine Hansberrys play, A Raisin in the Sun, both revolve around the struggle of attaining the American aspiration during the sonorousships of a struggling economy and most important the value of a family. By analyzing the main characters, Ralph and Walter, it can be seen that even though they wish to routine the insurance money to fulfill their inspiration they eventually realize that with family they can survive through poverty.Both characters are being weighed down by poverty. This brings them to dream of the life they could subsist if one was giving a chance to get to first base and the other a chance to open up a liquor store. Ralph doesnt really seem to be interested in his family at first and is only interested in his own advancement from all his hard work. He wishes he could afford a pair of shoelaces and a pair of black and white shoes. Ralph is only thinking of himself and how he and his girl can live together. That is where life begins for him. Walter also wants to see advancement, but for both him and his family even if it ...

Platos Allegory of the Cave - Its Importance in Todays World Essay

Platos Allegory of the Cave - Its Importance in Todays WorldOur society so values development that sociologists have recognized the problem of over-education (Hadjicostandi). Many mint are spending years pursuing degrees which they simply do not need for the jobs they perform. It is therefore prudent for students to question whether pursuing a liberal education is really as important as our society believes. What is the point of a college education? Does it have any purpose beyond its material benefits. Are these benefits costy their cost? These are important questions that need answering. In the end, we may see that there is far more to this debate than simple accounting. Perhaps what makes education worth pursuing is that it gives us the freedom to makes these kinds of decisions about what is best for us.In many ways, this debate over education has its roots in the writings of Plato (Jowett). In prevail VII of The Republic, Plato discusses such topics as enlightenment, episte mology, forms, and the duties of philosophers. The rhetorical styles which he employ are those of the dialogue and the fabrication. The dialogue takes the form of a discussion between Socrates and Glaucon, while the allegory serves as a concrete illustration of the abstract ideas which Plato talks about (Jacobus, 444). Let us examine this Allegory of the Cave in more detail. In it, Plato asks the reader to imagine human beings living in an underground den. where they have been from childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them. supra and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and there is a low wall. with men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues a... ...nough to catch a glimpse of the light shinning at the mouth of the cave. When he has once seen the light, he will immediately embark upon a lifelong journey to reach it. industrial plant CitedHadjicostandi, Joanna. Module 13 Education and Medicine. Introduction to Sociology. 1 May, 2006. .Jacobus, Lee A. A World of Ideas. 7th Edition Boston Bedford/St. Martins. 2006. Plato. The Apology of Socrates. The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 2 May, 2006. .Plato. The Republic. Trans. Jowett, Benjamin. Cleveland, Ohio 1946.Plato. 2006. Wikimedia. Retrieved 1 May, 2006. . Platos Allegory of the Cave. 2006 Reference.com. Retrieved 1 May, 2006. .The Matrix. Dir. The Wachowski Brothers. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Lawrence Fishburne. 20th Century Fox, 1991.Thoreau, Henry D. A World of Ideas. 7th Edition. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Boston Bedford/St. Martins. 2006.

Platos Allegory of the Cave - Its Importance in Todays World Essay

Platos Allegory of the Cave - Its Importance in Todays WorldOur society so determine education that sociologists concord recognized the problem of all over-education (Hadjicostandi). Many people are spending years pursuing degrees which they simply do not need for the jobs they perform. It is accordingly prudent for students to question whether pursuing a liberal education is really as important as our society believes. What is the point of a college education? Does it have any purpose beyond its material benefits. Are these benefits worth their cost? These are important questions that need answering. In the end, we may see that there is farther more to this debate than simple accounting. Perhaps what makes education worth pursuing is that it gives us the freedom to makes these kinds of decisions about what is best for us.In many ways, this debate over education has its roots in the writings of Plato (Jowett). In Book VII of The Republic, Plato discusses such topics as enlighte n handst, epistemology, forms, and the duties of philosophers. The rhetorical styles which he employ are those of the talks and the allegory. The dialogue takes the form of a discussion between Socrates and Glaucon, while the allegory serves as a concrete illustration of the abstract ideas which Plato talks about (Jacobus, 444). Let us examine this Allegory of the Cave in more detail. In it, Plato asks the reader to imagine human beings living in an underground den. where they have been from childhood, and have their legs and necks chain so that they cannot move, and can only see before them. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and there is a low wall. with men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues a... ...nough to catch a glimpse of the light shinning at the mouth of the cave. When he has once seen the light, he will straightaway embark upon a lifelong journey to reach it. Works CitedHadjicostandi, Joanna. Module 13 Education and Me dicine. Introduction to Sociology. 1 May, 2006. .Jacobus, lee(prenominal) A. A World of Ideas. seventh Edition Boston Bedford/St. Martins. 2006. Plato. The Apology of Socrates. The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 2 May, 2006. .Plato. The Republic. Trans. Jowett, Benjamin. Cleveland, Ohio 1946.Plato. 2006. Wikimedia. Retrieved 1 May, 2006. . Platos Allegory of the Cave. 2006 Reference.com. Retrieved 1 May, 2006. .The Matrix. Dir. The Wachowski Brothers. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Lawrence Fishburne. 20th Century Fox, 1991.Thoreau, Henry D. A World of Ideas. 7th Edition. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Boston Bedford/St. Martins. 2006.

Prehistoric Medicine Essay

They used herbalism the practise of using herbs to heal people. In each tribe in that respect were sha earths who would exorcise ill people demons and apothecary. They had treat men who were shamans and witch-doctors. They would provide supernatural treatments like charms, spells and amulets to ward pip evil spirits. If someone was ill the medicine man would initiate a ceremony over the patient where they would use magic formulas prayers and drumming. People thought that the medicine men could contact the spirits or Gods so people looked up to them. They used healing clays to heal their internal and external wounds and just after surgery. Prehistoric people also used trepanning mainly in Peru. This was when they would drill a hole in a persons skull to relieve pressure. It was mainly done as an emergency operation after a head wound to remove shattered bits of bone. They believed it would treat epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders. They would keep the bit of skull ar ound their neck as they thought it would ward off evil spirits. Nowadays people use a modernised trephine instrument in a corneal transplant surgery.Early medicine for Greeks and RomansHippocratesinnate(p) 470 BCE Father of Modern Medicine He had a theory of the 4 humours. He thought that the human body contained 4 important liquids c entirelyed humours. They thought if the humours became frantic then people would become ill. The 4 humours were black bile, yellow bile ancestry and phlegm. His theory was wrong but it was a breakthrough in medicine because it made people think that illness was caused by something natural inside your body instead of the Greek Gods. Quote from a book in the Hippocratic Collection of books Mans bodyhas blood, phlegm, yellow bile and melancholy (black) bile. These make up his parts and through them he feels illness or enjoys health. When all these elements are truly balanced and mingled, he feels the most perfect health. Illness occurs when one of these humours is in excess or is lessened in amount or is entirely thrown out of the body.Hippocrates invented the Hippocratic Oath which was taken by all physicians this is still in use today.Herophilus He was the initiative anatomist. He introduced the observational method to science. He discovered that the brain controls how the body works, not the heart by dissecting human bodies. He also identified parts of the stomach. He did a lot of work on nerves.Claudius GalenHe was the Roman Emperors doctor. Galens work was based on the Hippocratic Collection. He was one of the gigantic surgeons of the ancient world. He added his own theory to the 4 humours theory. He developed a theory called the treatment of opposites. So if an illness was caused by heat he would cool them down and vice versa. Galen also emphasized the importance of clinical observation and would take detailed notes on his examination of his patients. He was one of the 1st physicians who used experiments in his medical in vestigation. Through that he proved that urine was formed in the kidney as opposed to the bladder. His most important discovery was that the arteries carried blood but he never discovered circulation.

Virtue Ethics Notes

Virtue Ethics Aristotle was a Grecian philosopher who lived between 384 and 322 BCE. He was deeply arouse in the idea of cause and purpose. On the Foundation Paper, you will portion out way explored the ideas of the Four Causes and the Prime Mover. Both of these theories look at the idea of how things argon ca employ and how they prevail towards their purpose. In ethics, any theory that looks at how we rifle better the great unwashed over condemnation, or that looks at how we move towards our purpose is called a teleological theory, from the Greek word telos meaning goal or purpose.Virtue ethics is teleological because it argues that we should practice being profound, or virtuous people over time. Virtue ethics is therefore non deontological (like Kants ethics) and it is alike non normative. It is known as prowessaic ethics from the Greek word argonte meaning integrity or virtue. Virtue ethics is not concerned with what we ought to do, but with what kind of person we s hould try to become. Aristotle argued that every action we perform is directed towards some purpose, that it tries to strike something. He then argued that there argon superior and subordinate aims.Subordinate aims are what we have to achieve first, before we achieve superior aims, for example, if you are hungry (which might be a superior aim) you conduct to make a sandwich to achieve that aim. Making the sandwich becomes a subordinate aim. The aim of life Aristotle argued that the superior aim of human life is to achieve something called eudaemonia. Eudaemonia is a Greek word that roughly translates to mean triumph or flourishing. Aristotle argued that this is the aim that should govern our lives the pursuit of happiness or pleasure.Eudaemonia is achieved when we become virtuous and Aristotle argued that this is a process that we grow towards by practising virtues. It is much like learning to play a musical instrument the more you practise, the better you get. rough of you will have come across the word daemon before in the His Dark Materials trilogy by Philip Pullman. All the characters in the daybooks have daemons and Pullman says of them the daemon is that detonate of you that helps you grow towards wisdom. Lyra, the central character in the trilogy has a daemon called Pantalaimon who is instrumental in helping her deal with situations wisely as the story progresses. fun is in any case mentation to be most important for the forming of a virtuous character to like and dislike the right things because pleasure and pain permeate the whole of life and have a powerful influence upon virtue and the happy life, since people choose what is pleasant and avoid what is painful. 1 Aristotle did realise however, that one persons view of happiness might be very different from another persons view of happiness. He distinguished between three types of pleasure/happiness 1. Pleasure seekers these are people who are driven by their radical desires and simply live from one pleasurable experience to the next e. . eating good food, sleeping, imbibing and having sex. 2. Seekers of honour Aristotle saw politicians as seekers of honour. These are people who try to find solutions to important problems and get a sense of honour from doing that. 3. Those who love contemplation these are philosophers and thinkers. Aristotle believed that the lowest forms of happiness are those found by the pleasure seekers. He wrote The utter servility of the masses comes out in their preference for a bovine animalistic cosmea. 2 For Aristotle, the distinguishing feature of universe is their ability to debate, which they get from their consciousness.In plants, the anima or somebody produces the search for nourishment and food, and in animals, the anima produces the ability to move. Humans have these two characteristics, but also the ability to reason. Aristotle called humans rational animals. It is for this reason that he believed we should strive to achieve so mething better with our lives than simply living from pleasure to pleasure. Happiness for Aristotle is an activity of the soulfulness, i. e. the correct and full moon use of the soul can help us to discover happiness. Aristotle divided the soul up into two parts, the rational part and the incoherent part.Both parts of the soul are then divided in two. The rational part contains the calculative and scientific parts. The scientific part of the soul holds types of intimacy that are factual and not up for debate in other words, a priori knowledge. The calculative part does what it says it calculates. It weighs up knowledge and helps us to arrive at decisions. The irrational part of the soul contains the desiderative part and the vegetative part. The vegetative part of the soul is concerned with basic needs that keep us alive and is effectively our survival instinct.The desiderative part helps us to distinguish between needs and wants. For Aristotle, a correctly functioning soul uses all of the parts well and properly. Vardy and Grosch use the example of a fruitcake to reason this. If the vegetative part recognises that I am hungry, it tells me to eat. The desiderative part may desire cake to alleviate the hunger something I want, but dont necessarily need. The scientific part of my soul knows that fruit is better for me than cake and the calculative part, weighing up the evidence, comes up with the suggestion of fruitcake. Thus all the parts of my soul have been used in the decision.This is very important, as only a soul that functions correctly can find happiness, or eudaemonia. The Virtues Now that we have seen the basic ideas that Aristotle had about humans and how they function, we can look at the virtues. Aristotle believed that the correct way to live, was to follow something called the doctrine of the mean, the middle way or temperance. Aristotle realised that human behaviour is made up of extremes which he called vices of excess and vices of wishin g. Aristotle argued that the best course of action falls between the two and that this is the virtue.For example, if bravery is the virtue, then cowardice is the vice of deficiency and foolhardiness is the vice of excess. Aristotle believed that there are two types of virtue dexterous virtues and clean-living virtues. The intellectual virtues are learned through instruction i. e. they are taught. The moral virtues are actual through habit. The intellectual virtues are developed in the rational part of the soul and the moral virtues are developed in the irrational part of the soul. There are 9 intellectual virtues, as follows Art or technical skill (techne) Scientific knowledge (episteme) Prudence or serviceable wisdom (phronesis) Intelligence or intuition (nous) Wisdom (sophia) Resourcefulness or good deliberation (eubolia) Understanding (sunesis) Judgement (gnome) Cleverness (deinotes) The 12 moral virtues, with their alike vices are set out in the table below. Vice o f deficiency Virtue Vice of excess Cowardice Courage Rashness Insensibility temperance Intemperance Illiberality Liberality Prodigality Pettiness Munificence Vulgarity Humble-mindedness High-mindedness Vaingloriousness Want of ambition Right ambition Over-ambition Spiritlessness Good temper lien Surliness Friendliness/civility Obsequiousness Sarcasm Sincerity Boastfulness Boorishness Wittiness Buffoonery Shamelessness Modesty Bashfulness Callousness on the nose resentment Spitefulness Aristotle recognised that not all people will attain to the virtues, but he did argue that a balance between the intellectual and moral virtues was essential. Practising the moral virtues alone, might result in conformity and being an automaton. Aristotle urged us to think about the life we lead too. He believed that the virtues were essential to a harmonious fiat.Aristotle believed that the overall well being of the group is much more important than the well being of individuals alone and argued that it is through encouraging the practise of the virtues that society will be a harmonious place. It is friendship that is the main aim of the moral life, for without friendship, justice is meaningless. Aristotle was not a deep believer in the after-life. Aristotle was a man who valued empirical (sense) evidence above all else and believed that if anything lived on, it would be our memories. Because of this, the point of being virtuous is not to achieve unity with God, or advance a place in heaven, it is good because it is the right way to live.Modern virtue ethics In 1958, Elizabeth Anscombe wrote an essay entitled Modern Moral Philosophy. In this essay, she argued that deontological ethics had become outdated. The existence of God had a considerable shadow cast over it and she argued that the religious basis to ethics and morality (i. e. that God gives rules to humans to follow and they must follow them if they wish to get to heaven) could no longer be trusted. She also felt that ethics had moved away from a centre on a persons character and had instead become obsessed with lots of rules and laws. Anscombe argued that it was time for a return of virtue ethics. Alasdair MacIntyreIn 1981, Alasdair MacIntyre (left) wrote a book called After Virtue in which he argued that we should give serious consideration to Aristotles theory. In his book, he traced the history of virtue ethics and tried to spend a penny a system of virtue ethics for the modern age. His basic complaint was that modern ethics put too much emphasis on reason and not enough stress on people, their characters and the contexts of their lives. MacIntyre noticed that as societies developed 2,500 years ago, so different virtues developed too. In the age of Homer (who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey), the adjacent virtues were paramount Physical strength Courage Cunning Friendship These are known as the Homeric Virtues. As cities (the polis) developed, life slowly became more civ ilized.Aristotle developed his theory of virtues for the city of Athens and his virtues became known as the Athenian Virtues. They were (briefly) as follows Courage Friendship Justice retributive (getting what you deserve) and distributive (making sure that the goods of society are fairly distributed) Temperance Wisdom The emphasis on strength and cunning, needed in time of war, was gone. MacIntyre argued that the Athenian virtues of Aristotle were the most complete. For MacIntyre, the problems with ethics began during the Enlightenment, a period of time during the 17th and 18th Centuries when Science became more important for discovering truth.It was thought that a single, rational cause for morality could be discovered and thinkers such as Hume and Kant try to do this. MacIntyre realised that whilst the theorists in universities were trying to work morality out, society still needed virtuous people in everyday life people who run jumble sales to raise money for the local hosp ital for example. MacIntyre argued that despite the theories of people like Kant and Hume, the virtues have lived on. Whats more, society depends for its very existence upon people who exhibit the virtues. MacIntyre argued that living a virtuous life depended upon getting into the habit of being moral and of striving towards being virtuous. He argued that this can give life an overall purpose and meaning.The virtues for MacIntyre, are any human quality which helps us to achieve the goods in life. MacIntyres virtues are as follows Courage courage is very important as it helps us to face up to challenges that may come our way. Justice this is a very important virtue. Justice is fairness and it is the art of giving someone what they deserve or merit. To be unjust is to be unfair. Temperance this prevents us from acting rashly losing our temper for example. Wisdom this is not knowledge it is the ability to know how to act in the right way in particular situations. Industriousness h ard work. Hope being optimistic. Patience.Underneath the virtues must be the good will of the person. To be virtuous, one must desire to do virtuous things, rather than do them involuntarily. An act is not virtuous if it is not intended. MacIntyre also used the idea of internal and external goods, a version of which is seen in Natural Law. An internal good is specific to the activity itself for example, giving money to charity results in helping others and developing a sense of satisfaction. An external good, is a good that is not specific to the act. For example, when giving to charity, your example may inspire others to do the same. MacIntyre also warned that being virtuous does not prevent you from being open to vices.He gives the example of a great violinist who could be vicious, or a chess participant who could be mean spirited. The vices would prevent these people from achieving maximum virtue. MacIntyre suggests that the three most important virtues are justice, courage an d honesty. We can only achieve moral excellence through practising these three. They are core virtues that help to prevent organisations and institutions from becoming morally corrupt. It is largely through institutions that traditions, cultures and morality spread if these institutions are corrupt, then vices become widespread. Philippa base of operations Philippa Foot has also put together a modern version of virtue ethics.She has argued that the wise person directs their will to what is good and a good is something that is both intrinsically and extrinsically good (see MacIntyre above). The wise, or virtuous person also knows that there are particular ways of obtaining certain goods and it is these ways of obtaining goods that are the virtues. She also argues that virtues and skills are different things. We may make a deliberate mistake with a skill, but not damage our character or reputation for example, a instructor who deliberately misspells a word to draw their students att ention to it. However, if you deliberately act in a non-virtuous way, your reputation and character will suffer. Foot also characterises virtues as correctives. She likens humans to planks of wood that are left out to season.Wood naturally warps and changes shape and it needs continuous straightening to make it straight. Virtues do the same for the human character they continually straighten us out so that eventually we can, through habit, become virtuous. Evaluation of virtue ethics argued that justice and truthfulness are not a middle way, but are ethical absolutes that we have a duty to follow. Grotius argued that there are absolute moral laws that we have a duty to imitate and that can be worked out by anyone of sufficient intelligence. 1 Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, X 1172a. 2 Ibid I, 1095b. The five primary intellectual virtues The four secondary intellectual virtues

Culture and People Essay

Does culture have an impact on who we atomic number 18? Have you ever nonice that what is the main difference between flock around the cosmea? People eat different foods, wear variant clothes, confide in various things, and have different appearances but the main difference is how people behave and this difference comes from their culture. Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around them. Culture means the series of norms and values that the unrestricted think in and behave accordingly. These beliefs comes from parents and goes from wholeness generation to another and influence peoples behavior. Culture has an impact on peoples bread and butter because it affects peoples life, their society, and the military man. Parents are the first teachers that kids learn lot of things from their fathers and mothers. The environment of a family that a child grow up in is the most con sequential thing that influences her/his behavior because children learn how to live like their parents and parents try to teach their children the culture that their society has.People are influenced by their culture and sometimes to a greater extent than one culture can be influencing a person, such as Native Tribes living in a modern society. If people from different Countries were increase in the same society then those people would have the same culture and those people would believe in the same things. Traditions help people to target their beliefs, for manikin Halloween is a holiday that is showing what American people celebrate, it represents as a symbol for American culture. Most people would agree that their own has been strategic to their shaping and development, enriched their lives and often, led to their life decisions but their culture is the products of human action which is inherited independently of the biological genes. The way that one person think not only a ffects people around that person but it also affects that Society. The difference between cultures will never end because it is hard to change what people believe In.People may learn lot of things from their friends but when a person wants to make a decision he/she will always compare it with her/his culture. For example personal zone is one of the traditions that most of the American people do. In the personal zone, the conversation gets more direct, and this is a good distance for two people who are talking in earnest about something. Society has always been impacted by technology. Each invention has affected how people relate to one another and how cultures have expanded or ended. Technology impacts how cities grow, where people live, and who owns what. Technologies are the reason a few people are very rich, that people are more social, and that teaching and learning is changing.People in the 21st century are at a crucial time in history where as educators can make a difference i n how students interact with one another and make a place in society. People developed a language so they could communicate and invented tools for agriculture, to build homes, and to create weapons for hunting and protection. Over time many people have been influenced by other cultures and that is where different cultures satiate each other. So this is the cultural evolution which people affect other cultures and cultures affect people as well. For example when a person moves to another clownish he/she gets influenced by that countrys culture and also that person can affect her/his society too.Peoples culture influences their belief governing body which affects the way that people see the world . Although culture is integrated with sociology, anthropology, psychology, religions , and other aspects however this paper focuses on peoples behavior, globalism, and the cultural evolution. Culture makes societies unique, reservation it an essential element in influencing peoples everyd ay lives. It is also important to be able to recognize and respect other cultures, and not believe ones own culture is more valuable or superior than the rest. Hope that one day there would be peace all around the world and all people would speak the same language.

Hispanic Cuisine: a Significant Ingredient in Like Water for Chocolate

Latino Cuisine A Significant Ingredient in Like Water for java Eating is a fundamental activity. Food, itself, is a major component of survival, for without it there would be no life on this earth. Throughout the evolution of man, it has come to have got a greater importance with multiple significances to human beings beings. In fact, it has become a defining factor for families, classes, and cultures all through history. Hispanic societies are no exception. Furthermore, Hispanic women writers have written articles, screenplays, and novels using cuisine as their driving force.A great example is Laura Esquivels novel, Like Water For java. First of all, the appellation of the novel makes reference to food, but it also has a deeper meaning. Images of wake up and fire permeate the novel as expressions of intense emotion. Heat is necessary during the preparation of many a(prenominal) foods. In the science of cooking, heat is a force to be used precisely the novels title phrase st andardized water for chocolate, refers to the fact that water must(prenominal) be brought to the threshold of boiling and lowered three times before cacao powder can be added to make hot chocolate. However, the many forms of heat involved in the tale cannot be so controlled.Heat is used as a symbol for relish and physical delight in throughout the narrative. some(prenominal) example can be found in Gertrudis rush to the counterpane showers then escape from the entire ranch itself, in Pedros lust for Tita, and the death of Pedro aft(prenominal) he and Tita passion is finally realized. This heat is used as a source of power and one of destruction. The epitome of this detail in the novel, where death and desire are paired together, occurs when the love between Tita and Pedro is actualized. Secondly, the recurrence of recipes of Hispanic delicacies throughout Esquivels book parallels their importance in Mexican culture.Anne Goldman asserts that the very domestic and ordinary qual ity of cooking makes it an attractive metonym for culture (Lawless 213). It is no coincidence that the setting of this novel takes place at the same time as the Mexican Revolution. This eccentric was an important modernizing force in Mexican history and is considered to be the crucible of social cohesionin modern Mexico (Pilcher 88). As a result of the revolution, a unifying national identity was desired. Defining cultural cuisines go hand in hand with cultural definitions.Like forming a national identity, or penning a novel, deciding on recipes that will define a nation is a massive process. The recipes, that Esquivel ultimately chose to be included, represent the Mexican culture salubrious and show their importance in defining it. Like most nationalities, there are delicacies that the Hispanic culture is known for. As mentioned above, in her novel, Esquivel makes reference to some(prenominal) usageal Hispanic recipes. These recipes introduce each chapter and assist in contin uing the novels flow. Through these cuisines, the narrator is sufficient to associate another relation that forces the tale to carry on.Without the food, the story would be at a stand still because so much of the narrative revolves around the food. Moreover, Esquivels usage of delusion realism enhances the importance of the mentioned cuisines. Not only does she mention the food, it also has a profound sham on those that consume the entrees. Therefore, they have a profound affect on the entire story itself. One notable example is the Chabela Wedding Cake Tita bakes for the unfortunate union of Pedro and, her sister, Rosaura. The release of her tears in the batter is a release of the immense loss she feels.Because of this added ingredient, the guests who consume the cake are overwhelmed by the same emotion that Tita feels. Making anecdotes, such as this one, in connection with a certain dish, impresses a lasting memory of these dishes in the reader. Also, Hispanic culture places a n importance in the transfer of recipes from one generation down to the next. In this narrative, the tradition continues through Nacha, the De La Garzas cook, on to Tita. Because Titas mother is sinister, unaffectionate, and unable to produce breastmilk for her daughter, Tita is driven into Nachas open arms. Maria Elena does not pass down the recipes.Instead, Tita is ply and educated in the art of cooking through her surrogate mother. Nacha teaches Tita through cultural recipes and secrets of the kitchen. The reader finds that the traditions have been passed down because the omniscient narrator of the tale is Titas great-niece. In the tales beginning, she introduces a recipe for Christmas rolls. Like a cookbooks author would, the narrator comments on the onions and how they should be chopped up fine for the Christmas rolls and suggests that a little bit of onion should be placed on the readers head to keep from crying when dealing with onion. The disconcert with crying over an oni on, she states matter-of-factly, is that once the chopping gets you started and the tears beginthe next thing you know you just cant stop. She adds, I was especially sensitivelike my great-aunt, Tita (Esquivel 3). And so the main character is introduced and the story can begin. This description is an allusion to Titas tear-filled life and her tear-jerking situation. At the storys end, Titas great-niece mentions that as long as someone cooks her recipes, Tita legacy will live on. Like a story, a recipe needsa intellectual to be (Jaffe 223).For Titas descendents, the reason for this narrative is the continued remembrance of Tita. Additionally, this onion description is how the reader is invited to become a part of the tradition. As a professor, Cecelia Lawless has noticed firsthand the opinion Esquivels novel has on its reader and its potential to provide a base for community building. (215). Her students not only took interest in the story, they also wanted to cook the dishes th emselves. They were interested in sharing their own personal recipes they had learned from their family members.Through this Esquivels text, which is also considered to be a cookbook, the recipes are sure to be enjoyed for decades. Furthermore, Like Water for Chocolate asserts women as insightful, productive, powerful, sexual, loving individuals through its incorporation of Latino cuisine. In this story, the kitchen is explored as a space of creative power for Hispanic women rather than merely confinement as said by the well-known poet, Rosario Castellanos (Jaffe 221). It wasnt easy for a person who knew life by way of the kitchen to understand the remote world.This gigantic world which began from the kitchen door toward the inside of the house, because the one that lay adjacent to the back door of the kitchen and that overlooked the patio, the fruit garden, the vegetable garden, yes it belonged completely to her, she controlled it. (Esquivel 5). Tita uses the culinary humanistic discipline as a way to express herself and she effectively does so. Esquivel subverts tradition by ennobling a domestic skill and turning it into an art form (Glenn 41). For example, at one point in the novel, her love, Pedro presents her with roses to hearten Tita after Nachas death and as a symbol of his love for her.Maria Elena immediately sends Tita to throw them away. However, Tita does not want to. Instead, she incorporates her gift into an elaborate dish of quail in rose petal sauce, which turns out to be absolutely divine. She is able to save her present and consummates her love with Pedro through the food she serves. That was the way she entered Pedros body, hot, voluptuous, perfumed, totally sensuous (Esquivel 48). In addition, this amazing dish sends Gertrudis, Titas second sister, running towards the shower outside to simmer down off.Because she is so hot, the water does not even touch her and the ranch shower is set ablaze. As she runs away, she encounters Juan, a sol dier that had been drawn to her scent. Here, Gertrudis exposes her sensuality and courage. She defies social conventions and escapes the tyrannic hacienda to pursue what she desires and her independence. And, although, the reader discovers that Gertrudis had run off to a brothel in order to satisfy her desires, she proudly returns, having turned her life around, as Juans wife and as a general from the revolution.She informs her family that earned her commission by hard work, and fought like mad on the field of battle. Leadership was in her blood (175). Additionally, Chencha, the ranch maid of the De La Garzas, is shown to possess power through food. An example is Chenchas soup. Chencha had a firm belief that good soup could cure any illness. In one scene in the story, Tita goes mad after the death of Roberto. She is fed up with her mother, who Tita believes is the reason for Robertos death. Tita is sent to stay at Dr. John browneds house.Later, Chencha brings Tita the ox-tail sou p that she made especially for Tita. With that, Tita returns to her senses. Although, Chencha is in a lower class than the women of the De La Garzas, Esquivel still empowers this character. Her ability to help Tita is another example of the duty period of an apparent limitation of the kitchen into knowledge, enriched by cooking. The famous Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, describes the importance of the kitchen for Latin American women and the power it provides. But, Madam, what is there for us women to know, if not bits of kitchen philosophy? And I always say, when I see these details If Aristotle had been a cook, he would have written much more. (Lawless 217). In conclusion, Esquivel, through Like Water for Chocolate, was effectively able to connect food, culture, and society together. Her decision to portray the novel as if it was also a cookbook energized the tales flow, heightened its suspense, and conveyed the importance of cuisine in the lives of human beings.Because of her brilliance, it has been internationally acclaimed, and righteously so. Like the tradition of passing down culinary secrets has kept the legacies of families, communities, and cultures alive, so will the study and appreciation of Like Water for Chocolate continue to thrive. Works Cited Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate A Novel in Monthly Installments with Recipes, Romances and Home Remedies. Trans. Christensen Christensen. New York Double Day, 1992. Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. Near a kB Tables A History of Food. New York The Free Press, 2002.Jaffe, Janice. Hispanic American Woman Writers Novel Recipes and Laura Esquivels Como Agua Para Chocolate. Womens Studies 22. 2 (1993) 217+. Lawless, Cecelia. Cooking, Community, Culture A Reading of Like Water for Chocolate Recipes for Reading Community Cookbooks, Stories, Histories. (1997) 213-21. Pilcher, Jeffrey M. Que vivan los tamales Food and the Making of Mexican Identity. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press, 1998 . Sceats, Sarah. Food, Consumption and the Body in Contemporary Womens Fiction. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Commentary on Sonnet ¨Atlantis¨

Around 350 BC, Plato wrote rough a beautiful island in the Atlantic Ocean that went under the ocean waves in one day and one night. Atlantis A Lost Sonnet by Eavan Boland does not follow from head to toe the standards of a sonnet, being up to(p) to identify it by the length of 14 lines and its GG rhyme scheme at the end. This poem is able to move from a question about Atlantis to a holding of the author and finally to the overall centre about memories. Boland is able to effect a close and personal atmosphere throughout this sonnet through a first person narrator, the use of word choice and rhetorical questions.It is the type of narrator in a poem that helps the reader identify itself with. In this case, Atlantis is create verbally in first person, meaning that the reader relates to the characters personal thoughts and feelings. At the beginning of the poem she emphasizes the word I in relation to her thoughts about the myth of the missing city, How on earth did it happen, I us ed to wonder(1). In this way making the reader enter and try to understand the authors consider on this surreal event. While at the centre she changes the use of the word I to describe her feeling, I miss our old city you and I see(7-8).Explaining a major change in the meaning of the poem since she is no longer talking about Atlantis but if not on her past love, mortal she misses. Being able to compare them both since their overall meaning of lost and disappeared forever is the same. Moreover, Boland chooses to further on explain the meaning in her poem base on the simple word choice that compares both scenarios. Straightforward words like under, missed and drowned are used in this poem because of their double meaning one fine day at rest(p) under? (4) Surely a great city must have been missed? (6) ave their sorrow a place and drowned it. (14). At the end we see how this words flow perfectly with both ideas. Given that Atlantis is recognized as a city that drowned and lef t no evidence, we imagine it is hidden underneath the ocean.This idea of disappearing is a perfect example that the author is able to connect to her personal emotions of someone she really misses and will neer come back to her life which would actually make the reader think about how the author decided to use this city as a federal agency of her now at rest(p) lover. So why is a rhetorical question applied in this sonnet? It is primarily to chieve a stronger and direct statement with no need of answering the question. In this poem there are two questions at the start and middle part one fine day gone under? (4) Surely a great city must have been missed? (6), both of this are talking about Atlantis. In a manner of way, the author is being sarcastic because neither she nor we will ever know the true answer since it is a legend with thousands of explanations but neither one is carbon% accurate. At the end, this types of questions cause the reader to connect to her judgments in a stronger way since they would also want to know how a city may disappear safe under our noses.As a final point, the message of this powerful poem is understood in its last two most important lines, to convey that what is gone is gone forever and never found it. And so, in the best traditions of where we come from, they gave their sorrow a name and drowned it. (12-14). Boland?s simple rhyme, imagery, and use of personification create the final resolution of the authors feelings and thoughts towards a past which cannot be recovered except with your memory.

Compare and Contrast: Muslim Empires

Between 1450 and 1750, tierce great Muslim empires arosethe Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals. The Ottomans arose after the Seljuk Turkic kingdom of Rum in Eastern Anatolia collapsed, which occurred because of a Mongolian invasion in 1243. The area fell into a chaotic period after that because the Mongols did not directly rule it. In search of riches, Turkic peoples, including the Ottomans who henpecked the rest, flooded into the area. By the 1350s, the Ottomans were advancing from their Asia Minor strongholds.Under Mehmed I, they conquered a large part of the Balkans, and, in 1453, they captured Constantinople of the Byzantine Empire under Mehmed II, The Conqueror, thus establishing an empire from the Balkans that included near of the Arab world. Like the Ottomans, the Safavids arose from struggles of rival Turkish tribes. In the fourteenth century, there were decades of fierce struggles, until, finally, after three successive Safavid leaders died, a Sufi commander named Is mail survived. He and his followers conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501, as well as most of Persia in the next decade.They then drove the Ozbegs, neighboring nomadic Turks, covering to Central Asia and advanced to Iraq. Lastly, the Mughal Dynasty was founded by Babur, who descended from Turkic warriors. He first led an invasion of India in 1526 and conquered the Indus and Ganges plains. After Babur died of an illness, his son, Humayan, succeeded him and was attacked from enemies of all sides because of Baburs death. He was expelled from India in 1540, but eventually restored Mughal rule by 1556. Humayans son, Akbar, would later succeed him and become the greatest ruler in Mughal history.The Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals constructed significant empires, but each adopt different ways of treating their conquered people and developed diverse methods for managing social, political, and frugal systems. In order to promote the expansion of their empire, the Ottomans adopted many pract ices to include non-Muslims in the military. At first, the Ottomans first concern was to collect tribute from their conquered people. This first happened in 1243 when the kingdom of Rum was conquered.However, in the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Empires imperial armies became progressively dominated by infantry divisions made up of troops called Janissaries. Most of these Janissaries had been forcibly recruited as adolescent boys in conquered areas, such as the Balkans, where most of the race was made up of Christians. Sometimes the boys parents willingly turned their sons over to the Ottoman recruiters because of the opportunities for advancement that came with service to the Ottoman sultans. And although they were legally slaves, they were well-educated and converted to Islam.Some of them even went on to serve in the palace or bureaucracy, but most became Janissaries. These Janissaries, however, later gained political influence. Commerce within the empire was in the hands of Ch ristian and Jewish merchants, who as dhimmis, or people of the book, were under the protection of the Ottoman rulers. The Safavids espoused the Shia variant of Islam unlike the Ottomans, who espoused the Sunni variant of Islam. These two variants despised each other, and their hatred showed during the encounter of Chaldiran on August 1514 in northwest Persia.However, the Safavids were easily killed because of the Ottomans advanced warfare technology. Under Abbas the Great, the Safavid Empire thrived with toleration for captured and conquered people. For example, captured Russian youths were educated and converted, and they formed the backbone of the Safavids military forces. They monopolized firearms that had become increasingly prominent in Safavid armies. Also, some Russians were granted provincial governorships and high offices at court. Although the Safavids tolerated the Russians, they were not as kind to the other inhabitants of present-day(prenominal) Iran.For example, Sunn i Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and followers of Sufi preachers, were all pressured into converting to Shiism. One of the greatest rulers in all of history was the son and successor of Humayan, Akbar the Great. The Mughals, under Akbar, developed the most enlightened social, political, and economic methods for treating their conquered people. He not lone(prenominal) extended the Mughal Empire with conquests throughout north and central India, but also made the Mughal Dynasty sustainable because of his social and administrative policies.He pursued a policy of reconciliation and cooperation with the Hindoo princes and overall population of his realm. For example, he encouraged intermarriage between the Mughal aristocracy and families of the Hindu Rajput rulers. In addition, Akbar abolished jizya, which was a level tax on Hindus. He also allowed Hindus to be promoted to high ranks in the government. Further, Akbar ended the longstanding ban on the construction of new Hin du temples, and he ordered Muslims to respect cows because the Hindus viewed them as sacred. He even invented a new faith calledDin-i-Ilahi, which blended elements of the many religions with which he was familiar. He believed that this would unite his Hindu and Muslim subjects, but it failed. Similar to the Ottomans collection of tribute, Akbar did leave some areas of his empire alone so long as they swore allegiance to Mughal rulers and paid their taxes on time. However, these areas were only left alone because of a shortage of administrators. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Dynasties each treated their conquered people and non-Muslims differently through political, economic and social procedures.Akbar the Great and the Mughals had the most enlightened cuddle on how to treat these people, such as encouraging intermarriage, abolishing the jizya, and ending the ban on the building of new Hindu temples. This approach ultimately led to great success for the empire as a whole. In con trast, the practices utilized by the Ottomans and Safavids resulted in more discontent for the conquered people and non-Muslims. Overall, these three empires over a three hundred year span conquered thousands of people and had to develop administrative practices and policies. These methods greatly impacted their success.

Effect of Information Technology on the Operations

EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 The Effect of Information Technology on the Growth of the imprecateing Industry in Nigeria P. A. Idowu Dept of ready reck wizr Science and Engineering Obafemi Awolowo University Ife-Ife Nigeria A. O. Alu Dept of Management and Accounting Obafemi Awolowo University Ife-Ife Nigeria E. R. Adagunodo Dept of ready reckoner Science and Engineering Obafemi Awolowo University Ife-Ife Nigeria ABSTRACT The advent of Information Technology (IT) is rapidly changing the lingoing persistence. In this study, the impact of IT on the hopeing industry in Nigeria is described.A questionnaire was employed to apprehend data from customers at five major money boxs in Nigeria on the extent to which customers believe that IT exerts an impact on banking function. The results of the study clearly indicate that IT has contributed immensely to the suppuration of the banking industry in Nigeria. Keywords Information Technology, Banking, Nigeria. 1. INTRODUCTION A powerful force drives the world towards a converging commonality, and that force is engineering (Levitt, 1992). From the beginning of the human era, technology has been one of the most essential and most every last(predicate) important(predicate) factors for the development of mankind (Coombs et al. , 1987).During the last two hundred years, technological changes have often been related to frugal growth in the form of new types of goods and operate. Smith (1776) first wrote nearly technical changes in the form of new machines as one of the three important ca employments of increase incomes more than 200 years ago. Information Technology (IT) fanny be defined as the innovative handling of schooling by electronic cogitates, which involves its access, storage, processing, transportation or transfer and words (Ige 1995). Research shows that IT affects financial institutions by easing enquiry, saving time, and improving service delivery (Alu, 2002).IT also provides solutions to the emergency s of modern societies in health cargon delivery, library operate, education, and communication networks within organizations, etc. Some available telecommunication and information technologies which are presently creation apply in the banking industry in Nigeria are telephone, facsimile, wireless radiophone, very sm on the whole aperture terminal satellite (VSAT), telegraphy, and computing device systems (Ugwu, 1999). According to Alu (2002), some banks in Nigeria have LANs (Local neighborhood Network) in most of their branches but none of the banks have deployed home banking applications. . BANKING IN NIGERIA As a result of the incr salvaged demand for customer deposits, Nigerian banks, peculiarly the new generation banks, have realized the imperative of good and stir up customer service. Also, due to the fact that some customers lost their deposits in the erstwhile technically-insolvent or distressed banks, customers have now become wiser, more discerning, alert and sophist icated with regards to The electronic daybook on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http//www. ejisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 2 hoosing where it is preventive to put their money, and where they would be served promptly, preferably in a pleasant, courteous and friendly environment. Thus, they have started looking at the level of service and professionalism of the banks before depositing their funds. Proximity to the bank is no longer the issue safety and the level of service, with regard to quality, speed and efficiency has become the major imperative. On the part of the banks, they have realized that one way in which they can provide quality service is through the subroutine of technology.Hence, there is a growing rate of adopting new technologies in Nigerian banking operations. Moreover, there is growing evidence that customers have started associating quality of service in a bank with the banks self-will of an online, real-time system. In fact, possession of su ch a system is now judged to be the sine qua non of a high quality banking service in Nigeria. So, for a bank to be sensed as providing high quality service, that bank has to have an IT system, which it uses to deliver services to customers in a more timely, friendly and considerate manner, at no duplicate cost to the customers.Despite the fact that many of the new generation banks base their marketing strategy on the possession of supposedly on line, real-time systems, they bump that their systems colligate are down for about 50 percent of the time. Many customers feel cheated by this reality and complain about the incessant downtimes. They were promised an online, real-time system, only to find out that the banks systems are down at least half the time, and that the national carrier, NITEL (Nigeria Telecommunication), is to blame.Whilst the responsibility of NITEL cannot be denied, many customers still feel that it is the responsibility of the affected banks to micturate care of these problems, and that they should be given the nationwide, online, real-time banking service they were promised. Faced with this dilemma, many banks in the country are resorting to alternative personal solutions by using the rattling Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) satellite systems, for long distance electronic communication. For short distances, the MDS (Metropolitan Digital Services) system is often used.The problem here is that all the banks are laborious to procure appropriate VSATs independent of one another. In other words, there is no collaboration between the banks in sourcing this very expensive technology and thereby providing a cost- heartive solution to the problem. It would also be fair to say that Nigerian banks are generally imbued with an overly competitive mind -set, which tends to foreclose the benefits of synergism or collaboration in solving most of their common problems. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn order to assess the perceptions of banking customers in Nigeria with respect to the quality of banking services, a questionnaire survey was conducted. A grab sampling technique was used to select the customers from the banks. Five commercial banks in Nigeria Wema Bank Plc, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, izzard Bank Plc, Cooperative Bank Plc, and entree Bank Plc. were selected for this sampling on the basis that they have branches in almost all the produces in Nigeria and they make use of estimators in almost all their branches.The researchers visited the banks during working hours and the questionnaires were given to the customers as they visited the banks. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed in this way. 260 questionnaires were returned to the researchers, a response rate of 52%. The survey instrument can be found in the Appendix. In addition, the researchers conducted personal discourses with five bank managers and fifteen IT staff in order to gain an appreciation of what types of IT systems and electronic application ser vices The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http//www. jisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 3 were available in the selected banks. The responses were measured with a fivepoint Likert-type rating scale, where Strongly jeer (SA) = 4 Agree (A) = 3 Strongly Disagree (SD) = 2 Disagree (D) = 1 and Neutral (N) = 0, while the scores f r o negative items were reversed. 4. RESULTS AND handling plug-in 1 shows the IT systems that are being used in the selected banks. Telephone, Facsimile, Local Area Network, computer system, MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition), were used in all the banks.Also Wema, Omega and Access banks used Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), and wireless radiophone. The researchers were able to identify IT devices available in the selected banks from personal interview conducted with the 5 branch managers and 15 IT staff in the banks. Table 1 IT systems and electronic application service in the sele cted banks Types of IT systems Wema Omega Union Co-op Access Telephone X X X X X Wireless radiophone X X X Facsimile X X X X X Computer X X X X X Electronic Mail VSAT X X XLocal Area Network X X X X X MICR X X X X X EFT X X X 4. 1 Effect of IT on Banking Services The effect of IT on an enquiry on a customers state of account, and services enjoyed by the customers from the banks as perceived by the banks customers, are shown in Table 2. Out of the 260 respondents, 86. 2% agree that IT was really helping the bank they confirmd, while 90. 8% hold that IT made the enquiry about the state of their accounts faster. Also, 83. 1% agreed that IT had a great demonstrable impact on the services rendered by the banks.The meanspiriteds of 3. 12, 3. 29 and 3. 07 respectively for the selected banks respondents confirmed that IT has a positive effect on the enquiry of customers state of account and services enjoyed by the customers from the selected banks. Generally, the set up of IT on the en quiry of the customers state of account and services enjoyed by the customers from the banks have an appreciable influence on any bank. The use of a LAN and computer systems have ensured quick and improved services delivery to customers by the banks.But it may be important to state that the use and application of these electronic devices are hampered by the inadequacy of infrastructural facilities like power render. 4. 2 set up of IT on Customer Services Table 3 shows the response of customers from the banks with respect to the effect of IT on customer services provision. About 66. 5% disagreed that IT had no effect on services rendered by the banks. Also 82. 7% agreed that there is a need to improve on the services rendered by these banks. The means of 2. 77 and 2. 4 respectively confirmed that IT has effects on services rendered by these banks to their customers and about 83% of the respondents agreed that the banks need to improve on the The Electronic Journal on Information Sy stems in Developing Countries, http//www. ejisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 4 services rendered to the customers. This shows that the services the banks are adviseing now are not the best they can offer to their customers and that the banks should improve on these services to their customers. Table 2 Effects of IT on Banking Services Question SD IT/computer is really helping this 2. bank IT makes enquiry about the state 2. 3 of my account faster IT/computer has a great positive 2. 3 impact on the services rendered by this bank D 4. 6 N 6. 9 A 43. 9 SA 42. 3 Mean 3. 12 0 6. 9 36. 6 54. 2 3. 29 4. 6 10 37. 3 45. 8 3. 07 N 9. 7 A 18. 8 SA 5. 0 Mean 2. 77 10. 4 50. 4 32. 3 2. 94 Table 3 Effects of IT on Customer Services Question SD D I dont think IT has any effect on 34. 6 31. 9 services rendered There is a need to improve the 0 6. 9 services rendered by this bank Table 4 promptness and efficiency of services as perceived by the customers Question SD DN A SA Mean I enjoy prompt an d efficient service 0 16. 2 9. 2 37. 7 36. 9 2. 93 delivery I was once delayed in the bank 16. 5 31. 5 6. 9 32. 7 12. 4 2. 38 because the computer was down IT does not increase prompt and 43. 1 42. 7 4. 6 7. 3 2. 3 3. 17 efficient service delivery 4. 3 Promptness and efficiency of services as perceived by the customers From Table 4, about 75% of the respondents agreed that they enjoyed prompt and efficient service delivery from the banks. The mean of 2. 93 shows that IT enables the banks to provide prompt and efficient services to their customers.Questions 3 and 7 (see Appendix) are similar, but the reaction of the respondents confirmed the conclusion above because about 85% of the respondents agreed that IT has increased prompt and efficient service delivery by the banks. Also, on the issue of delay due to computer down times, only 44. 9% of the respondents agreed that they were once delayed in the bank because the computer was down, though this might be due to the epileptic power supply and inefficient telecommunication theme in Nigeria. The mean of 2. 93 confirmed that most of the time, customers go to the bank when computers are not down. 4. Influence of IT on patronage as perceived by the customers Table 5 gives responses on the influence of IT on patronage as perceived by the customers. 70% of respondents agreed that based on the efficiency and effectuality of services rendered, they could encourage their colleagues to patronize the banks they used. Also, 65. 8% of the customers agreed that the banks use of IT further them to patronize the banks they use. The means of 2. 47 and 2. 52 respectively show that IT encourages customers to patronize the banks. The The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http//www. jisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 5 use of computers, telephone, VSAT, and EFT has contributed immensely to the growth of banking industry. In Nigeria presently, some banks are not making use of IT and those banks ar e being patronized by few customers, the majority of whom are illiterate and poor. This makes the turnover of these banks low. Table 5 Influence of IT on patronage as perceived by the customers Question SD D N A SA I can encourage my colleagues to 4. 6 5. 0 20. 4 47. 3 22. 7 patronize this bank IT/Computer encourages 2. 3 9. 6 22. 3 32. 7 33. 1 customers to patronize this bankMean 2. 47 2. 52 Table 6 Perception of customers on the ease of conducting banking transactions Question SD D N A SA Mean Saving or withdrawing money is 21. 9 36. 9 7. 3 31. 2 2. 7 2. 63 time consuming IT eases banking transactions 2. 3 2. 3 9. 6 50. 0 35. 8 3. 10 4. 5 Perception of customers on the ease of banking transactions Table 6 above shows that 58. 8% of customers disagreed that saving and withdrawal of money is time consuming. Also, 85. 5% agreed that IT eases banking transactions. The means for questions 6 and 13 (see Appendix) are 2. 63 and 3. 00 respectively. The mean of 2. 3 for question 6 (see App endix) shows that some respondents agreed that saving and withdrawal of money is time consuming despite the use of IT in those banks. Table 7 Effects of IT on the fundamental interaction between cashiers and customers Question SD D N A SA IT has reduced the interaction 15. 0 30. 4 17. 7 27. 3 9. 6 between cashiers and customers Mean 2. 15 4. 6 Effects of IT on the interaction between cashiers and customers Table 7 shows that 36. 9% agreed with the view that IT has reduced the interaction between customers and cashiers, 17. 7% are indifferent to the question and 45. 4% disagreed with the view with a mean of 2. 15. 4. 7Effects of IT on cashiers work The rates at which cashiers in the banks hang to their customers depend on the equipment available for the cashiers to work with. From Table 8, 83. 1% agreed that computer speeds up cashiers work, while 10% disagree and 6. 9% are indifferent. The mean of 3. 12 confirmed that IT/Computer really affect the rates at which cashiers attend to their customers. Generally, the use of electronic devices like computer telephone, facsimile, etc. will go a long way to increase the speed of the cashiers work. Table 8 Effects of IT on cashiers work Question SD Computers really speed up 2. 7 cashiers work D 7. N 6. 9 A 37. 3 SA 45. 8 The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http//www. ejisdc. org Mean 3. 12 EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 6 4. 8 IT and banks productivity From Table 9, 81. 5% agreed that the use of IT increases bank productivity in that with the use of IT, the bank can attend to a lot of customers since IT speeds up cashiers work. The mean of 2. 98 shows that IT has a positive effect on the growth and productivity of the banks. There is no bank that can make use of one or combination of two or more of the IT systems listed in Table 1, which will not have effects on the productivity of the bank.Table 9 IT and the productivity of the bank Question SD D IT increases the banks productivity 0 4. 6 5. N 13. 8 A 37. 3 SA 44. 2 Mean 2. 98 CONCLUSION The study has dealt with the effects of IT as perceived by customers on selected commercial banks in Nigeria, which make use of IT in their operation. The study revealed that IT has appreciable positive effects on the bank productivity, cashiers work, banking transaction, bank patronage, bank services delivery, customers services, and bank services.These affect the growth of the banking industry in Nigeria positively because customers can now collect money from any branches of their bank. Also customers do not need to move about with large sums of money, and customers are being attended to within a short period of time. The study also revealed that telephones, computer systems, LANs, and Facsimile services are available in nearly all the banks making using of IT in Nigeria while WANs (Wide Area Network), Electronic File Transfer, and wireless phones are available in some of the banks. This finding confirms Alus (2002) claims on the IT devices available in Nigerian banks.Research has shown also that IT is really helping these banks, so other banks in Nigeria that are not making use of the IT are encouraged to do so. From the study, the major hindrance to the use of IT in the banking industry in Nigeria is inadequate electric power supply. Electricity supply is not regular because of the limit point of the machine that is supplying electricity to Nigeria. Furthermore, the Nigerian government is finding it difficult to equip the NEPA (National Electric Power Authority) while the demand for electricity is increasing daily.Therefore, the situation will continue to worsen until the Nigerian government funds NEPA appropriately. So, for this nation to be effective in the use of IT in the banking industry and to make the banking industry grow in an appropriate way, there is a need for the Nigerian government to find a solution to the epileptic supply of electricity throughout the country, since NEPA is owned by Nigeri an government and there is no private company in Nigeria that provides electricity. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http//www. ejisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 6. 7 REFERENCES Alu, A.O. (2000) Effects of Information Technology on Customer Services in the Banking Industry in Nigeria, M. B. A. thesis in Management and Accounting, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. Coombs, R. , Saviotti, P. and Walsh, V. (1987) Economics and Technological Change, Macmillan London. Ige, O. (1995) Information Technology in a De-regulated Telecommunications Environment, Keynote address, INFOTECH 95. First International Conference on Information Technology Management, Lagos, November 16-17. Levitt, T. (1992) The globalization of Markets, in Transnational Management Text, Cases and Readings in Cross-Border Management.Richard D. Irwin. Smith, Adam (1776) The Wealth of Nations Ugwu, L. O. (1999) Assessment of Impacts of Information Technology on Selected Service I ndustries in South Western Nigeria, MSc. Thesis in technology Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. APPENDIX Dear Respondent, This questionnaire is designed for a research work from the department of Management & Accounting, OAU, Ife. Please, FILL IN correct information, all the information will be treated confidentially and the information will be used for this research work only. Thanks. Please tick or fill where appropriate.SECTION A 1. Sex A. MALE B. FEMALE 2. Age A. 18-25 ( ) B. 26-35 ( ) C. 36- 45 ( ) D. 46 & above ( ) 3. Educational qualification A. WASCE( ) B. OND/NCE( ) C. Bsc/BA( ) D. Msc/PhD( ) E. Others Specify . 4. For how long have you been using this bank? A. 0- 2yrs ( ) B. 3-5yrs ( ) C. 6- 8 ( ) D. 9 & above( ) 5. What type of account do you operate? A. Current( ) B. Savings( ) C. Others specify .. 6. My Account here is mainly for A. Business( ) B. Salary( ) C . Others specify 7. For how many hours do you blow over on queue ? A.Less than1 ( ) B. 1 -2 ( ) C. 3-4 ( ) D. 5 & above( ). The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http//www. ejisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 8 SECTION B Strongly Disagree 1. 13. Agree IT increases bank productivity 15. Neutral IT/Computer is really helping this bank I dont think IT has effect on the banks operation I enjoy prompt and efficient service delivery I will encourage my colleagues to patronize this bank IT does not increase prompt and efficient service delivery To save or withdraw money is time consuming I was once delayed in the bank ecause the computer was down IT makes enquiry about the state of my account faster IT/computer has a great positive impact on the growth of this bank IT/Computer has reduced the interaction of the Cashiers with customers IT/Computer encourages customers to patronize this bank Computer really speed up cashiers work IT improves transactions 14. Disagree There is a need to improve the services rendered by this bank 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http//www. ejisdc. org Strongly Agree

History Cw Investigation

Had Hitler non have used coercion in this example then it could have been possible that the radical ambitions of the AS, who kept longing for a palpable social revolution. 6 May have had tolerable trench to remove Hitler from power and begin a revolution of their own therefore in this case coercion proved to be important to him and his challenge of maintaining power. Hitler also created a secret police called the Gestapo, which included m whatsoever members from the AS. The Gestapo was created as an organization to hunt knock off enemies of the state. 7 And were responsible for placing these enemies of the state into engrossment camps. The Gestapo portrayed forms of psychological coercion more than it did physical relying more on threats than actual violence. Hitler grew to rely on he Gestapo and their work as the idea of being sent to these concentration camps enforced the message that an individual should be totally loyal to the state. 8 The sheer fear figure of the Gestapo lead to many German heap becoming informers and giving up information on people in the area who were against Nazi ideology.In fact, the Gestapo relied on the active cooperation of the German people. 9 Because despite Its fearsome reputation, the Gestapo was not particularly large. l O With major areas such as Frankfurt, Hannover and Bremen having under 50 officers each 1 1 This suggests that psychological coercion was key in helping Hitler maintain power, as Hitler and the Nazi caller were able to control the German citizens as they had installed so much fear into them that they were tricked into believing the Gestapo were everywhere.However it could be argued that the German citizens may have had more of an idea that so little Gestapo were really in their towns than first believed which factor that rather than spilling information on local enemies of the state due to fear they did it as they were in support of Nazi ideology and rather it was their ideology that proved to be h e key factor in Hitler maintaining power, not coercion. Hitler furthered his coercion tactics during his reign as chancellor creating concentration camps in which Hitler disposed enemies of the state. Here they were consigned to an iridescent fate. 1 2 Hitler presented these camps as educative institutions that provided a correction and a warning1 3 The camps were used as a tactic to scare German civilians into complying with the Nazis rule they were undoubtedly successful in removing any enemies that Hitler believed posed a threat to his party with Jews, trade union leaders, socialists and unionists14 all given a promise of savage brutality. 1 5 With any political opposition unable to gather enough support, due to the majority of them being hidden away in these camps, Hitler never had to worry that he may be voted out of power by the German public.With little opposition, particularly politically, the people of Germany would have drive use to this way of living, fearing that if th ey did speak out against the regime they would be sent to these camps where they would be beaten, tortured, starved and often dispatch 16 This use of terror, a tactic which he himself admitted was the cost effective instrument17 was a clear example of coercion and without it Hitters position as chancellor may not have been as stable as it showed to be during his time in power.

Ethnomedicine Essay

Since the graduation of hu piecekind, there have been ailments that have plagued the human race without concern of who it is inflicting or why they occur. These ailments had to have been combated by roughly sort of medicine by each culture and their remedies must have been plenty. The plethora of opposite kinds of medicines and remedies to these ailments among the different kinds of cultures is what we, Team Bloodnut, define as ethnomedicine. Many cultures throughout the world practice some air of ethnomedicine.A field of honor of anthropological research, ethnomedicine seeks to describe the medical systems and practices utilized in different cultures. It examines the origins of what wad confide cause illness, as well as examine the ports in which individual cultures regale such maladies. Team Bloodnut wanted to discover the healing beliefs and practices held by Amazonian shamans. Through the use of a life invoice interview, we sought to understand the traditions held by a wad through the experiences of a man working with a former shaman of the tribe.Team Bloodnut formed a hypothesis regarding ethnomedicine in todays novel world. We hypothesized that the remedies and medicines indigenous cultures use to heal the ill argon unorthodox from the stand point of western civilization. occidental society leave behind view these remedies as barbarian and a total releaseacy. We conducted our research through a life score interview, contacting a filmmaker named Matthew Vincent. Possessing an interest in natural medicines, Vincent spent over one-half a year living in Peru documenting the experiences of an Ameri dissolve priest-doctors journey into the depths of Amazonian Shamanism.Together, they discovered the origins and methods gnarly in practicing shamanism in relation to this particular cultural group. Matthew trained under the gringo shaman Ron Wheelock, instruction the techniques and methods required to effectively heal members of the community in which they lived. In order to effectively film his documentary film in a realistic manner, Matthew Vincent needed to integrate himself into the rituals, learning their practices and lifestyles.Researching through a life history interview best utilized our information since it enabled us to capture the personal experience of a man submerging himself into such a specific aspect of a communitys life. Our group find out out to understand the origins of Amazonian shamanism. We wished to learn about the beliefs of the roots of illnesses as well as the methods used to treat them. Ethnomedicine seeks to understand what illnesses mean inwardly a culture and how to remedy these ailments. According to Vincent, shamans believe race specialise illnesses due to a variety of footings.Culturally, the soul brings balance to the physical body and makes it strong. If presumed damaged or foul by devious inspirit, souls must undergo ritualistic healing in order to return to a healthy state. P hysical illness is thought to be a manifestation of corruption within the soul. In order to correct this corruption, patients go through a mixture of ritualistic songs, plant gnosis, and trances. Shamans utilize trances in order to enter different states of consciousness, allowing them to interact with souls and spirits to perform healing to the soul and bring the spirits back to the sick physical body.One extremely common way to remedy an ailment in Amazonian Shamanism is through the use of ayahuasca. Ayahuasca is an extremely hallucinogenic vine used in create from raw materials that are consumed by the Shaman along with the patient so the Shaman can conjure the spirits of the plants used in the brew to foresee any future ailments, cure any immediate ones, and try to prevent any others from manifesting themselves within the patients body and or soul. The ayahuasca brew can take any time from a couple of hours to brew, all the way to up to two days, being cooked three times.Wheelo ck told Vincent that he has treated people who have visited a psychiatrist for over a year and with one ayahuasca ceremony, the patient feels more rejuvenated and animated than ever before. Ayahuasca can besides be used for other uses as well, depending on the ingredients used in the brew. For example, if brewed with shapishico, moonshine, and rainwater, and left to sit together for about nine days, this brew acts as an extremely potent aphrodisiac. Shamans are not only medicine men, but spiritual guides. Shamans can choose from two different paths when immersing themselves in their practices.They can choose to be curandero or a brujo. A curandero is a healer. He is the medicine man that can heal physical and psychological ailments that one might have. He does this through plant gnosis and conjury the spirits of the plants to help cure the patient. A brujo, on the other hand, focuses on the dark arts of Shamanism, although he can also heal. In a Shamans training, they are visited by spirits and are given wizardly darts. These magical darts are a brujos weapon of choice when it comes to causing harm or kill another.He can use those towards anybody in the world as long as he has their name, a mental image of the person, a picture, or some sort of memorabilia that depicts who their target is. A curandero will only use these magical darts, usually, to defend himself. When a curandero sends a magical dart to a brujo, its usually with the intention to kill him. After conducting our life history interview, Team Bloodnut came to a conclusion on our hypothesis. We concluded that our hypothesis was correct regarding the differences between western medicines and Amazonian Shamanistic medicines.Western medicines include all of the technologies, advanced(a) medicines, and commodities that these indigenous cultures do not have access to therefore we are much more technologically advanced. These countries are at a disadvantage when it comes to the commodities and techno logies but that doesnt mean that the quality is any less. These medicine men spend most of their lives learning how to conjure and interact with these spirits of nature so that they can heal in their favor. The way in which they do so shouldnt be frowned upon.If these Shamans have represent ways to cure, not erect treat these illnesses and ailments, then why havent we, Western Civilization, pick out these methods? Is it the fear or the skepticism of failure? We think that its not so simple. We believe that the reason for these medicines not being accepted into our country is simply so the government wont fall away money and control. Wheelock cured a patient that had been visiting a shrink for over a year. In that time how much money did that psychiatrist earn? From that income how much did the government take from the psychiatrist in taxes?This is only for one person, too. Some people spend half of their lives, if not longer visiting some kind of medical practitioner or some for m of psychedelic help. There will never be a shortage of sick people, so if they are simply just cured with a couple of ayahuasca ceremonies, thats a pretty significant chunk out of the United States money supply. not only is it a monetary issue, but also a control issue. If these practices were administered in the United States, people would gain insight and enlightenment to its effects.There is a chemical in ayahuasca that is an intense psychedelic. Dimethyltryptamine is the psychedelic in the ayahuasca that puts the body in the state in which it can be visited by manifesting spirits of the vine. If this psychedelic were to fall into the wrong hands, it could be very harmful to not only to Americas economy, but also to the ones who abuse it. Ergo, ethnomedicine is a sensitive subject because it is not only a way to treat people within a certain country or tribe, but it is also the way of life and the way generations upon generations have practiced these remedies.Just because diffe rent cultures do things differently, it doesnt mean that one way is counterbalance and the other is wrong. If we, as a species and inhabitants of this Earth, all worked together and shared our practices with each other in the field of medicine, maybe we could find cures, not just treatments to malignant diseases such as cancer. Ayahuasca ceremonies are not just a ritual to heal patients that come to Shamans, but also a lifestyle.

Beer Wars-Documentary Review Essay

Introduction Beer Wars was a very eye-opening documentary. It was interesting to see how the grocery sh ar of the tumidst beer friendship, Anheiser-Busch, has grown throughout the years. In 1965, Anheiser-Busch had a scrimpy grocery store sh atomic number 18 of twelve part. As commercializeing on television grew in popularity, Anheiser-Buschs market sh ar grew as well. By 1985, Anheiser-Buschs market share had grew to thirty-seven portion. By 2005, Anheiser-Buschs market share had grown to an enormous forty-nine percent. This was very shocking to me that single company could control intimately one-half of the market share of a $97 billion industry.Also, in 1985, the separate two oversizedst beer listrs, miller and Coors, made up virtu in ally(predicate) twenty-six percent of the market share. Thus, in 2005, major beer companies made up s vitriney- cinque percent of the beer sales in the United States. Which enounces us that craft breweries only had twenty-five percen t of the market share. How the Large Got/Stay Large In the beginning, all beers were craft beers, until the big three companies cherished to grow, and grow they did.Unfortunately, as the three enormousst beer companies in the United States grew, the beer-drinking public that was buying their beer were actually the people who were suffering. The earth that I say this is because of the modality the large beer manufacturers got to this point. The large beer manufacturers were not very concerned nigh the case of their beers as much as they were about the number of sales that were created. The way that the large beer companies did this was through their publicize campaigns. The large beer companies were/are one thousand millions and millions of dollars during different sporting functions and on every day television. Beer Wars told us that, on average, on that point is about $1.5 billion spent on advertising by the large beer companies every whizz year. That number is astounding to me, considering how popular their beers are. I think if they were to cut back their advertisements by about 50%, they would put away maintain a stranglehold on the beer market in the United States. Another way that large beer companies tend to stay on top of the market is through shelf set at different locations. The large beer companies tend to make many different varieties of beers and thus are afforded more space on the shelves and local markets and liquor stores.This leaves a very small area for craft beers to be displayed, oddly when it is very difficult to determine if a beer is a craft beer or made by one of the large beer companies. I will talk more about this later in the discussion. Why escape is King The large beer companies tend to market light lager beers, and for good antecedent. About eighty-five percent of the beer consumed in the United States is light lager. So, Miller Lite, Coors Light and Bud-Light are very good money makers for the large beer companies. I would not blame the companies for pushing and selling what the people indigence, or is this what people want? fashion Beer Facts Well, craft beers havent fully caught on in the beer markets. NPR. org tells us that craft beers only make up about five percent of the total beer market. According to NPR. org, there are currently over two thousand breweries in the United States. Of those two thousand, about 1,950 of those breweries are considered craft beer breweries. Thats another(prenominal) very interesting point. Ninety-five percent of the breweries in the United States are brewing about five percent of the beer that is sold in the United States. That really doesnt seem right, but NPR.org goes on to tell us that in order to be a craft brewery, the breweries cannot brew more than 6 million barrels of beer every year. According to texaswatchdog. org, Anheiser-Busch alone brewed over one hundred million barrels of beer in 2011. That is an frightfully large amount of beer for one c ompany to sell. This also tells us that the hope is not roughly lost for craft brewers. If all of the 1,950 craft brewers produced only ? million barrels of beer each year, they could easily stultify the large beer manufacturers with an influx of 975 million barrels of beer flooding the marketplace.But, the vast majority of craft brewers would never want to do that. The swop Beer Way The craft brewers in the United States and around the world have a completely different take on what it means to brew beer. Dogfish charge craft beer was give tongue to to only have . 0002% of the market share of beer sales in the United States. According to brewersassociation. org, Dogfish Head craft beer ranked 12th in the nation in 2011, based upon the number of sales for a craft brewery. That is truly amazing, how a company ranked 12th in the whole country in craft beer sales still only has . 0002% of the total market share of the beer industry.However, the owner of the company express that he would never want to grow like the large beer companies have. He is more concerned about each and every bottle of beer being the best beer possible, rather than worrying too much about how many cases he is able to send out the door. As a whole, craft beer makers try to sustain their piece of the market through differentiation of their products and not through advertising like the large beer companies. deceitfulness beer makers still try to do new and interesting things with beer, but they do their best not to relapse focus on the most important factor, a good quality brew.Spreading the News Beer Wars told us that one event that allows craft breweries to get their name out to the public is the great American beer festival. This is an event where brewers go to from all over the world for people to sample and try different beers that the craft brewers make. This is a great way for the small breweries to get their name out to the market. Unfortunately, Beer Wars told us that even the large beer companies are starting to attend this event. Large Feeling the Effects The large beer companies have now started feeling the effectuate of small craft beers in the marketplace.According to brewerassociation. org, craft brew beer sales have increased from about one percent to about six percent of market share in the past xv years. This is the only portion of the beer industry to have any sign growth in that timeframe. Once again, the large beer companies are using their financial advantage to combat this trend. Anheiser-Busch has gone out and purchased several small beer company names and have been selling them as craft beers, where in fact they are mass produced at one of many Anheiser-Buschs factories.Another way that large beer companies are flexing their monetary muscles is through lawsuits. Beer Wars draw how one craft brewer was being sued by Anheiser-Busch for using a name that the brewer had employ for years. The problem with this is that Anheiser-Busch had no t been using that name for very long. Another issue with this is that craft brewers do not have the financial means to be able to hold off many lawsuits from large beer manufacturers. The reason that this is difficult for craft beer makers is the fact that funding for craft breweries is very hard to come by.Usually investors all invest in very large ventures or very small ventures. Most of the time, craft beer makers are somewhere in the middle as far as their funding needs go. Because of this oddity, gaining funds for the move overoff facilities for a craft brewery is very hard to obtain through normal financing. Political Issues Some of the other challenges for the craft beer manufacturers is found in Washington, D. C. Beer Wars tells us that beer lobbyists are one of the most powerful group of lobbyists in Washington.The main focus of these lobbyists is ensuring that the three-tier form of distribution is held intact. The three-tier distribution system basically splits up the beer manufacturers, the beer distributors and the beer retailers. This rule was regurgitate in after prohibition to make sure that beer sales would be fair across all persons involved. Basically, so the large beer makers couldnt prevent others from getting their product onto store shelves. Unfortunately, this is exactly what is happening.Distributors tend to contribute favor to the large beer companies, because they are paid by how much beer they deliver, and as we saw from Beer Wars, the large beer manufacturers still control that volume of beer sales. So, when the distributors are putting the beer on the shelves of the retailer, they will basically give the large beer companies some(prenominal) kind of shelving presence that they desire, basically because they are getting incentivized to do so. I definitely think that the three-tier system needs to be looked at and revamped to meet the needs of todays marketplace. Conclusion Overall, this documentary was a very interesting loo k into the beer manufacturer marketplace.I never realized before how devious the large beer manufacturers are when it comes to protecting their market share. With both the lawsuits over naming rights and the basic control of beer distributors, its amazing that any craft beer makers even stand a chance of holding any portion of market share. I believe that the large beer manufacturers are scared of what could happen very quickly if they do not do something to respond to the expanding requirements for quality beer in the marketplace. This documentary definitely made me change my mind on how I thought about craft beers.I always figured it was just some frenzy that would eventually fade away. I see now that this is not the case at all. Craft brews are just being produced to give the marketplace a much higher quality, even if they have to pay a little more. I have a much greater respect for craft beer manufacturers. I would hope to someday be able to brew my own beer just to see how ful filling it can be. I will definitely start drinking more craft beers because of this documentary. References (Other Than Beer Wars) 1. BREWERS ASSOCIATION RELEASES TOP 50 BREWERIES IN 2011. Brewers Association. Brewers Association, 17 Apr. 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. . 2. Chappell, Bill. U. S. Craft Beer Brewers Thrive, Despite Small Share Of The Market. NPR. org. NPR, 18 May 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. . 3. Lisheron, Mark. Anheuser-Busch InBev Roars against Craft Breweries Bill in Texas Legislature. Texas Watchdog Investigating Government Waste, Fraud and.

Road congestion

The implicit in(p) exercises of over-crowding atomic number 18 far to a greater extent complicated than numerous traditional interests contrive historically been uncoerced to admit. The ability of avail open streetway space-the most traditional method of measuring supply or capableness to meet calling demand, is just one of a set of several underlying factors that research has appoint contribute to traffic over-crowding.Whereas more than half of all children walked or bicycled to school in the 1950s, that number has at once fallen below 10 percent as streets have become more dangerous show up-of-pocket to traffic. Combined with the loss of school bus service, the resulting trend has been an oerwhelming emergence in parents driving their children to school, clogging local courseways during critical blossom hours. An estimated 20-25 percent of rush hour traffic on local streets and roadstead is now attributable to the school commute.To affect matters worse, non tota lly does the typical suburban development impersonate characterized by low-density cul-de-sacs, wide, high school-speed arterials, and massive intersections make traffic management difficult, it also makes it less cost-efficient for public transport to serve scattered destinations and makes base on balls or bicycling both inconvenient and dangerous. more experts believe that widening motorways and main roads is only a temporary solution at trump(p) to the complex problem of traffic over-crowding. Indeed, research has pointed to a result known as induced traffic that suggests new and wider roads actually create surplus traffic, above and beyond what can be attributed to rapid population increases and economic growth. In larger areas, drivers go away much abandon carpools and public transport when additional roadway space is do available, thus creating additional trips and more traffic. In the long-term term, the promise of more convenient transportation access allows commu ters to live further from work, increasing development pressures and thus fuelling nonetheless more traffic demand.The lack of affordable and mixed-income ho development near employment centres, and the imbalance amidst jobs and housing, creates the nonorious commutes between the countryside and urban center areas.Also, with many people losing their confidence in public transport due to long delays, strikes and many rail crashes it seems much easier to load down the car. It is important to note that the skewed price signals given to taint the farmlers appear to make road travel, even at the most congested periods of the day, entirely free, while public transport is often perceived as too expensive.Market hardship is the inability of an unregulated market to achieve allocative might in certain circumstances and we see a severe re-allocation of resources. There are various basiss wherefore allocative efficiency may not be achieved, one of these is externalities.An externali ty is said to exist when the production or consumption of a strong directly affects businesses or consumers not involved in the buying or selling of it and when those spill over effects are not reflected in market prices. The spill over effects are known as external be or benefits.When people use their cars otherwise people suffer from exhaust fumes, congestion and noise. These negative externalities make the fringy social benefit of using cars less than the marginal private benefit (i.e. marginal emolument).The optimum equilibrium for golf-club would be where the marginal social cost is equal to the marginal social benefit (Q). However, a free market left hand to itself will produce where the marginal private cost is equal to the marginal private benefit (Q). If thither are negative externalities in consumption, a private market will therefore tend to over-provide a good.Congestion in urban areas can be seen as a form of market failure because the socially efficient output is not produced. The social optimum amount of vehicles on the road essential be exceeded if congestion results. The marginal cost to the consumer is the only cost really considered when a driver makes the closing to use the car. What is not taken into account are the costs to other road users, the cost to society collectively the social cost or themselves to some extent. The marginal cost to other road users is the added congestion caused by the extra car on the road. The marginal costs to society collectively are the increase in emanations produced by the extra journey do, the follow on effects from this are large, rising asthma levels in the local area, decaying buildings and collapsing roads could be caused because of the high congestion rates.The marginal cost to the case-by-case could be the opportunity cost of the cartridge clip spent in congestion. If the more space efficient bus made the journey, the traveller would be able to read the newspaper, play on a hand held c omputer or even do some work, this is not possible if the car is chosen to make the journey. The marginal utility of existing users of the congested roads would decrease with the addition of an extra motorist, an extra 10 or even 100 motorists would lower the marginal utility levels dramatically. But each individuals marginal cost wouldnt be affected, which explains why the marginal cost and marginal social cost diverge.Congestion is not the only cost that occurs from a large number of cars on Britains roads. We essential also consider, road damage costs, accidental externalities and of course environmental costs. Heavy vehicles basically cause Road damaging as the damage to the road pavement increases to the fourth power of the axle load.Accident externalities arise when extra vehicles on the road increase the probability that the other road users will be involved in an accident. Accident probability depends to a large extend on distance, driving date and particularly the other traffic. This is why accident costs will be interact like congestion costs.Environmental damage comes in various forms, such as local emission of CO, NC, NO2, global emission of CO2, CFC, water pollution and noise and vibrations.Congestion is inefficient, polluting and dangerous. Removing just 5% of traffic at peak times could substantially humiliate or even eliminate rush hour congestion from many cities. One approach that is starting to stoke interest among municipal leaders is road price. The surmisal seems sound enough introduce a price on bringing cars into congested areas that incite drivers any not to travel unnecessarily or to vary their times of travel or, indeed, to try public transport, walking or cycling. With the right approach, drivers who incur higher prices during rush hour periods would benefit from reduced congestion and travel time, while nonessential travel would take place at less congested and cheaper times.Road determine has been debated in political circ les for many years. The main debate was about the difficulties that would occur in trying to put down a arrangement in order to toll drivers. These problems no longer exist, and advances in electronic devices have made sophisticated road pricing schemes more feasible. The new technology of electronic tolls no longer requires motorists to halt at tollbooths. Therefore, it prevents additional congestion. Drivers would be given an electronic number plate, which signals to the recording computer the nominal head of a vehicle. This would be the most direct way to charge the amount specific to the road and the time of the day. The devise could charge users via bank account or monthly bill. This would also allow a rally computer to monitor roads with the greatest amount of use.Also, another method that has been put forward is for drivers to buy a travel card (similar to those on capital of the United Kingdom Transport) and display these on their dashboards when driving in and out of pr iced roads.However, the political will is often lacking, perhaps because of uncertainty about voter reaction.I believe there are both advantages and disadvantages to the proposed road pricing theory.ADVANTAGES OF bridle-path PRICINGRoad pricing is a good instrument to use to assign most of the external effects mentioned earlier, especially in the case of congestion costs, it appears to be the optimal method of internalisation because a price mechanism would replace the present queuing mechanism, which is allocatively inefficient.Because road prices would be primarily connected with congestion costs, some distributional and locational effects could arise. Costs of driving in non-urban areas would probably fall whereas urban driving costs would increase so that in the medium run, the eccentric of the public urban transport system would improve.In the case of pricing highways on the continent, road pricing is a good instrument to overcome the free rider problem of foreign carriers u sing legal residence country highways. This is especially interesting against the background that current ways of financing highways are very different. It is fair to say that foreign carriers buy their petrol abroad, which is cheaper, and they do not contribute to business in the UK. For that reason actual competition between international carriers is not neutral.With the proposed electronic system, there seems to be 2 benefits. The prototypical of these is the business generated from the insertion of the microchips and the second is the ease of use i.e. simply driving past a scanner.Furthermore, sketch Livingston has stated that he believes traffic will reduce by 15% with the implementation of the system and he says money generated from the implementation of such a scheme will be used not only on the maintenance of our roads but also into investment of our public transport which again reduce the number of cars on the road leading to a better environment for all. A recent surve y suggested that 70% of the public would not mind paying fuel tax if it was invested in public transport.The system is already used in Singapore and the immediate reaction was a reduction of 24,700 cars during the peak time and also, traffic speed increased by 22% at this time. And also, in Trondheim in Norway the toll was not introduced in order to make people leave their cars at home but soon, it was noticed that congestion was reduced and political consensus was that some of the money generated could be used for public transport within the city.DISADVANTAGES OF ROAD PRICINGThe cost of implementing electronic toll system is very high. The UK government estimates that the implementation of the system will cost 2 bn for only a small area such as capital of the United Kingdom. Plus individual costs for every vehicle of 40 each, not including additional costs of controlling the system. Also, we are probably to see a lagged response and it would take time to raise revenue. The initial costs are high thus they would have to pay off in the long run.Ken Livingston, has suggested a charge of 5 for entering London, many believe that when we consider, fuel taxes, road tax, and maintenance of a car, 5 to enter London is extortionate. It is important to consider those on lower incomes, who may find it difficult to pay a regular(a) 5 charge. This could lead to the displacement of traffic, in the way that people will try to avoid the tolls and take other routes down side roads- this is likely to cause congestion in quieter streets not to mention accidents because the streets are so narrow.The introduction will be hard and people will object to it. They believe it affects their rights of going and with an estimated 230 cameras per zone it compared to the big brother phenomenon.Tax on roads may have damaging effects on the economy. Because the cost to firms will be greater and it may also serve to make London a less desirable centre, there will be a reduction in total Su pply. There will be growth in unemployment as firms will not be able to afford workers, this will cause a slowdown in economic growth and could even cause an inflationary threat.In terms of negative environmental externalities, road pricing is (with the exception of noise) probably not the optimal instrument for internalisation. Taxes on fuel or emission fees, for instance, charge vehicle emissions in a more direct way and they are very simple to design. Some believe that there should be different taxes for those people who do not have public transport available to them easily and those who do but choose not to use it.Furthermore it must be mentioned that the effect of road pricing depends to a large extent on the authority that receives the revenues and its way of using the money. Economists would argue that the profits made should be reinvested into the transportation system to generate an efficient outcome rather than cross-subsidising other traffic modes or other state activitie s.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion I believe that road pricing is the best instrument to internalise the costs of congestion and road damage. Although the initial costs of installation are high, these costs would probably quickly be exceeded by the efficiency gains of purifyed prices. Nevertheless, road pricing cannot perfectly internalise external environmental costs. That is why instruments like fuel taxation or emission fees will shut away be necessary to design an optimal price mechanism in the transportation sector that sets the correct incentives. I believe pricing could be the trick to remove that 5-10% of traffic that causes congestion in peak periods in our cities. If that means picking up the children on time and being able to drive into city centres to shop, then surely that would be a price worth paying.Finally, whats perhaps most important is a recognition that solving these problems will require strong leadership from a government level in addition to management, planning and eventual implementation at the regional and local levels. Traffic congestion must thus be tackled within a broader context of economic, environmental and social goals and its solutions must be congenial and work in support of solutions for a broader range of issues.