Dickin Hard Times Essays - Hard Times, Emotion, Gradgrind

Dickin Hard Times Louisa was influenced by her father's educational system, causing her to base all experiences on facts, without any imagination involved in determinism. She was forced by her fathers philosophy to learn that? you musn't fancy? (14) causing her to base all experiences exclusively on fact. This type of guidance restricted all emotions within her life. As a result of her fathers teachings throughout the novel Louisa slowly comes to a realization that she was dependent on others ideas, and doesn't have any emotional experiences to guide her own positions. This is directly evident at two points in the text; First when she had been presented with a proposal for marriage, and on her voyage to visit her ill mother. By Louisa being able to distinguish the need for emotional experiences, Louisa is able to help her father see the negative impact of his philosophy of facts. It becomes evident that Louisa had suffered from her fathers education system when Mr.Gradgrind had presented Louisa with Mr.Bounderby's proposal of marriage. At this point her father is proud of her unimaginative attitude, ?you are not impulsive, you are not ironic, you are accustomed to view everything from strong dispassionate ground of reason and calculation? (99). Upon Louisa's response to the proposal, she goes through a series of questioning her father for the ?right answer', ?does Mr Bounderby ask me to love him(101) ?What would you advise me to use in its stead, father(100). The latter quote only shows how her father's authoritarian upbringing has influenced her own judgments. By not allowing Louisa to posses these ?fancies? which in turn leads to development of the imagination, he actually causes her unhappiness. Her answer is one that involves no emotion, and this can be seen in the blandness of her remark, ?Mr Bounderby asks me to marry him. The question I have to ask mys elf is, shall I marry him? That is so, father, is it not? You have told me so, father. Have you not.(103) The second point at which Louisa realizes that her father's philosophy has a suppressing influence on her emotions was during a voyage home to visit her sick mother. During this voyage there is a point when Dickens writes ?as she approached her home now, did any of the best influences of old home descend upon her. The dreams of childhood - its airy fables; its graceful, beautiful humane, impossible adornments of the world beyond? ... ? what had she to do with these (198). Louisa become conscious that her father's school of facts has left her with nothing in place of her childhood. ? Her remembrances of home and childhood were remembrances of the drying up of every spring and fountain in her young heart as it gushed out. The golden waters were not there.? (198). This is significant because Louisa has now recognized that her father's philosophy of ?facts facts facts? has left her with no emotional experiences, which would have helped to create her childhood dreams. Louisa is now aware that if she were to live a life of pleasure she must begin by living her life guided by her emotions, and not by her fathers philosophy of facts. After feeling some emotions towards James Harthouse, Louisa finally confronts her father on how corrupt his school of facts is, and how it has left her with no emotional experiences to guide her, ?I curse the hour in which I was born to such a destiny...How could you give me life, and take from me all the inappreciable things that raise it from the state of conscious death? Where are the graces of my soul? Where are the sentiments of my heart ? What have you done, O father, what have you done ..?(215). As the scene progresses, Louisa tells her father that the cause of her unhappy marriage is because she had been forced into it, ?You proposed my husband to me. I took him. I never made a pretense to him or you that I loved him. I knew, and, father you knew, and he knew that I never did ?(217). At this point her father realizes that she has b een unhappy, and makes his first

Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Essays

Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Essays Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Paper Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Paper The textbook speaks of a cultural mismatch that may interfere with a students ability to succeed in a traditional classroom. Describe the types of mismatches that might occur related to each of these traditional educational practices: a. The daily school time schedule b. The use of Standard English c. Whole-class question-answer sessions d. Classroom competition Many people regulate their lives by the clock: Being on time to appointments, social engagements, and the dinner table is important. This emphasis on punctuality is not characteristic of all cultures, however; for example, many Hispanic and Native American communities dont observe strict schedules and timelines. Not surprisingly, children form these communities may be chronically late for school and have difficulty understanding the need for school tasks to be completed within a certain time frame. To succeed in mainstream Western society, students eventually need to learn punctuality. At the same time, we must recognize that not all of our students will be especially concerned about clock time when they first enter our classrooms. Certainly we should expect students to arrive at class on time and to turn in assignments when they are due. But we must be patient and understanding when, for cultural reasons, students do not develop such habits immediately. Even when children speak English at home, they may use a form of English different from the Standard English that is typically considered acceptable in school. More specifically, they may speak in a different dialect-a form of English that includes ome unique pronunciations and grammatical structures. For example, some African American children speak in an African American dialect. At one time, researchers believed that the African American dialect represented and erroneous and less complex form of speech than Standard English and urged education to teach students to speak properly as quickly as possible. But we now realize that African American dialects are, in fact, very complex language systems with their own predictable grammatical rules and their own unique idioms and proverbs. Furthermore, these dialects promote communication and complex thought as readily as Standard English. Most educators recommend that all students develop proficiency in Standard English because success in mainstream adult society will be difficult to achieve without such proficiency. At the same time, we should also recognize that other languages and dialects are very appropriate means of communication in many situations. For example, although we may wish to encourage Standard English in most written work or in formal oral presentations, we might find other dialects quite appropriate in creative writing or informal classroom discussions. Teachers frequently ask questions of their students and then wait for an answer. But exactly how long do they wait? Research indicates that most teachers wait a second or even less for students to reply. Research also indicates that when teachers wait for longer periods of time-for two to three seconds or even longer-students, especially those from ethnic minority groups, are more likely to answer teachers questions and participate in class discussions. Not only does such an extended wait time allow students to show respect, but it also gives students with limited English proficiency some mental translation time. Yet we should also be aware that some native Hawaiian students, rather than wanting time to think or show respect, may have a preference of negative wait time: They often interrupt teachers or classmates who havent finished speaking. Such interruptions, which many might interpret as rude, are instead a sign of personal involvement in the community culture of those students. School achievement in a traditional classroom is often a solitary, individual endeavor. Students receive praise, stickers, and good grades when they perform at a high level, regardless of how their classmates are performing. Sometimes, though, school achievement is quite competitive: A students performance is evaluated in comparison with performance of classmates. For example, some teachers may identify the best papers or drawings in the class; others may grade on a curve, with some students doing well and others inevitably failing. Yet in some cultures, it is neither individual achievement nor competitive achievement that is recognized, but rather group achievement: The success of the village or community is valued over individual success. Students from such cultures (including many Native American, Mexican American, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Islander students) are more accustomed to working cooperatively than competitively, and for the benefit of the community rather than for themselves. They may therefore resist when asked to compete against their classmates. They may also be confused when teachers scold them for helping one another on assignments or for sharing answers. And they may feel uncomfortable when their individual achievements are publicly acknowledged. Group work, with an emphasis on cooperation rather than competition, often facilitates the school achievement of these students.

Liverpool City Brand and a Case for Rebranding Essay

Liverpool City Brand and a Case for Rebranding - Essay Example The present research has identified that the concept of city branding is fairly new and it corresponds to the development and growth of the tourism industry over the past century. This is because most cities have sought to become more competitive. This is done by packaging and presentation of their position as a tourism destination in a unique way and manner. This section of the report will provide a critical review of the concept of destination branding and brand strategy are the main tools employed by cities and communities to deal with the marketing needs of their destination. This section will examine the concepts and ideas of destination branding and how it occurs in the natural setting. Brands are marks of identification of a given kingdom, country or civilization. Destination branding creates an image and perception of a given place. In other words, it is a tool employed by city authorities and other stakeholders to present the destination to the markets and also get people to become interested in visiting the destination. This builds emotional connection as well as brand equity. â€Å"A destination brand is the totality of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings that customers hold about a place†. This implies that destination branding. This implies that destination branding is a way of creating a mental image and view of a given space or place in order to connect with the average consumer and potential tourist. Destination branding leaves an impression o a consumer and gets the consumer to build some kind of affinity or connection to a given place or destination. â€Å"Destination branding is an organizing principle that involves orchestrating the messages and experiences associated with the place to ensure that they are as distinctive, memorable and rewarding as possible. Successful destination brands reside in the customer’s hearts and minds, clearly differentiate themselves, deliver on a valued promise and supply customer desires.†

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Final exam - Essay Example All the models also aim at the value of national health policy to [provision of guidelines and direction for national health issues. Beveridge model emphasizes on the responsibility f the government in ownership and operation of healthcare. It also emphasizes that healthcare is a human right and should not be considered a privilege. The system encourages full access to healthcare despite the ability to pay for the services. The American model entails both the models as all the characters are observed in all the two models. The government is in charge of the healthcare similar to encouragement of private healthcare facilities. The reforms are those that are aimed at improving the healthcare that are given in the country. the reform has entailed bringing about new rights, benefits and protection that has included the that most healthcare that are on the grandparents covers preventive services that are from at least ten categories of essential health benefits. There are countries that have tried to implement the strategy and the type of system into their countries such that there is increased provision of health care to those in the country. A country such as Germany has been able to have the policy of a minimum amount of services in the country and free preventive services in its system. This is similar to the reforms that are stated in Obama care reforms. The first state of the reforms was that which was focused on United States and Europe and it mainly entailed forming the basics for compulsory governmental-run or voluntary subsidized programs on healthcare. This was in the 1900s to the 1920s. From the time, there have been initiations that focused on the campaign on by elites more concerned with caring against attacks from awareness groups than with current deployment, and common improvers in the labor, civil rights, activist, and also from AIDS activist activities have focused more on instant and incremental changes than on changing the health care

Various Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Various - Essay Example However, IBM card sorting and punch cards, which are considered precursor to computer, were invented. IBM through the German’s subsidiary followed the Jewish destruction. More than 2000 machines were dispatched through Europe and Germany. Figure 1: A Dehomag Hollerith machine (Source: Black, 2001) An American engineer named Vannevar Bush developed the large analogue computer as an accurate device than the previous one in 1930. It was an important achievement in the computing world as earlier devices were not reliable in computing. Claude Shannon who was an American electronic engineer, mathematician and cryptographer worked on the â€Å"Communication in Presence of Noise† and published this report after 1949 due to World War II. Claude E. Shannon proved the sampling theorem based on the Nyquist’s results. This work was done in 1940 but published after the 1949 (Normsn 2013). The Horward Aiken who found it sufficient for the satisfaction of computers’ needs initially estimated six electronic digital computing. IBM worked on the Aiken’s prediction and resulted into a development of IBM Stretch computers of 1959. This development became necessary for the storing of million numbers in the RAM as shown in the figure. Figure 2: Length of Console (Source: Kopplin, 2002) Transformation in the computer equipment was seen during 1960s. Early computers were in size of mainframe and then shrink into the minicomputers. Important development was seen when files were stored on the taps and accessed without involvement of any third party. Additional features like small computers, interfaces based on keyboards, and interfaces were included in 1972. Personal computers for the individual use were importantly developed. Computer Interface facilitated the shifts in the new patterns (Turner 2006). In 1981, IBM introduced a more affordable personal computer with a user-friendly design, and operating system having a movable screen. The use of PCs has become on a widespread in the offices, homes, and schools. Introduction of microprocessors in the early 1980s made it possible for several manufactures to make the chips based on the DSP. The data signal processing is a device with a native code. The DSP chips are capable to carry the millions of operations per a second (Poornachandra and Sasikala 2010). In early 1990s, the digital world shifted towards the models of the image processing hardware by the development of single boards. These boards were compatible for the buses of market standards. The image processing hardware contains the digitizer and hardware for primary operations known as the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The digitizer averages the images as quickly as possible. This development made possible for noise reduction. The image processing also resulted into the storage space with megabytes (Gonzalez and Woods, 2009). Developing of the long instruction word architecture enabled the numeric and intensive algorithms. Dig ital filtering used in the processing of different video signals reduces the noise effects or corruption pixels in video or images (Parker and Dhanani 2013). These events were selected because progress in digital computing did pass through a history. Historian of computing presented the contribution of the main players in strengthening of the communication and in the context of industrial

Treatment of Transgender People in India

Treatment of Transgender People in India Summary Transgender people are people who have a gender identity that is different from the one which is assigned to them by birth. The cultures of India include transgenders as a third gender, referred to as Hijra in Hindi. Ancient Vedic texts referred to transgenders as napumsaka to denote the lack of reproductive ability, and believed them to have the power to confer blessings on people on auspicious occasions. Hijras were highly respected in the Mughal period where they were considered as guardians of the harem, but after the onset of British Raj, they were criminalized and denied civil rights to an extent that long after the Independence of India, local laws still reflect the prejudicial attitudes against them. They are still treated as social outcasts in modern India, and hence the most common livelihoods for a modern-day Hijra mainly includes begging and prostitution besides their ceremonial task of blessing auspicious events. After almost half a century after Independence, the govern ment of India granted Hijras the basic civil rights of every citizen but not yet fully accommodated to vote. Welfare policies were also introduced by the state governments, and transgenders were finally declared as a socially and economically backward class entitled to reservation, and also prohibited discrimination against them. Ironically, homosexual intercourse is still a criminal offence under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. The transgenders are being empowered steadily by the rise of various famous personalities like Kalki Subramanian, the first transgender woman to star in a motion picture; Padmini Prakash, India’s first transgender to anchor a daily national and Manabi Bandyopadhyay, the first transgender to become a college principal, amongst countless others who still struggle to rise from the social stigma society has weighed upon them. 1. Background Transgender, in definition, is a term used to define people who may act, feel, think or look different from the sex they were assigned at birth. Actually, transgender is an umbrella term, since it covers a wide variety of people including from anatomically bisexuals (intersex) to cross-dressers (heterosexual men who occasionally wear clothes, make-up and accessories that are associated with women in that culture). In India, the word transgender has been loosely associated with the hijras a term particularly used to describe people who are born physically male, but live as women, including dressing and socializing as female, and also go by the terms Aravani, Aruvani or Jagappa. According to the 2011 census, in which the third gender was recognized for the first time, the total population of the third gender was reported to be 4.88 lakhs, with Uttar Pradesh having almost 28.1% of them. Fig 1. Statistics of the population of transgenders in various states Often, transgenders and eunuchs are used interchangeably whereas the meaning of both the terms is very different.   2. History In Ancient India, the section of third sex loosely included infertile ladies, eunuchs, impotent men and bisexuals/intersex, which is affirmed by the recorded confirmation in the compositions of ancient India. The expression napumsaka has been instituted by the early Vedic literary works to denote the nonattendance of procreative capability, introduced by implying physical distinction from the masculine and feminine. In the Mughal period, Hijras occupied some of the most acclaimed positions such as generals, administrators, political advisors and also had the additional responsibility of guarding the harems. They were considered trustworthy, quick-witted and fiercely loyal to their rulers, and hence had free access to all spaces and sections of population. Hijras were also the occupants of high positions in the Islamic religious institutes, and were responsible of guarding Mecca and Medina, the holy places of the Muslims. In the start of the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent, Hijras were secured by some Indian provinces and were granted privileges in the form of land, nourishment and a small amount of cash from agricultural households in exact areas. Be that as it may, these benefits were finally eliminated through British legislation since the inheritance of the ancestral land was commanded to the blood relations whereas Hijras were physically unequipped for mating and creating posterity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Hijra community was eventually criminalized and denied social equality by the British colonial administration in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 incorporated the Hijras who were involved in hijacking, castrating and mutilating children and dressed like females to dance in public places. They were subject to an abundant amount of scrutinization from the Europeans since records of early European explorers demonstrated that they were repelled by the sight of Hijras and couldnt comprehend as to why they were given such a great amount of regard in the royal courts and other institutions. The Criminal Tribes Act, however was revoked in 1952, a couple of years after India announced autonomy from the British, yet tragically, the legacy of the act proceeded and numerous local laws mirrored the biased states of mind against specific tribes, including against Hijras. 3. Religious background 3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hinduism Transgenders were periodically acknowledged in the ancient sacred texts in Sanskrit and the religious works of the rishis. The erotic sculptures on ancient Hindu temples at Khajuraho and Konarak, and the sacred texts in Sanskrit constitute irrefutable evidence that a whole range of sexual behaviour was not an alien concept for the ancient Hindus. The tradition of representing same-sex desire in literature and art continued in medieval Hinduism. Lord Rama, in the epic Ramayana, was embarking for the forest after being expelled from Ayodhya for fourteen years, addresses to his devotees and asks all men and ladies to retreat to the city. Among his devotees, the hijras alone did not feel bound by this course and choose to remain with him. Inspired with their faithfulness, Rama granted them the ability to confer blessings on individuals on propitious events like child birth and marriage, and furthermore at inaugural functions which, it was supposed to set the phase for the custom of badhai in which hijras sing, dance and bless. Aravan, the progeny of Arjuna and Nagakanya in the epic Mahabharata, offered to renounce his life to Goddess Kali to guarantee the triumph of the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra war, on the sole condition that he was to spend the last night of his life in marriage. Since no lady was ready to wed the one for just one night, Krishna assumes the form of a beautiful lady called Mohini and married him. The Hijras of Tamil Nadu considered Aravan their begetter and call themselves Aravanis. 3.2  Ã‚  Ã‚   Islam The Islamic society fundamentally took for granted that everyone was either male or female, and for occasionally children whose anomalies in sexual physiology made it impossible to determine whether the person was male or female, they were assigned to the sex whichever could explain their sexual physiology better. Jurists believed that the seminal fluid of the dominant sex resulted in the offspring having the dominant sex, and in case of a tie, the child would be a hermaphrodite (khuntha). But the khuntha was still monitored for any signs which would firmly tie it to one of the sexes until puberty was achieved. Finally, if puberty failed to assign khuntha mushkil into the sexes, Islamic jurists had the final call to declare the gender, which was irreversible and permanent. 3.3  Ã‚  Ã‚   Christianity Christianity bundles together a variety of views on transgenderism and issues of gender identity, ranging from considering transgender acts as sinful to seeing it as morally acceptable, and these views are also different for each individual within a denomination. An individual is also not bound to support their church’s views on transgenderism as their own. Although the Old Catholic Church accepts transgender members and the LGBT community in general, but it also considers sex-change procedures as superficial and external in the sense it does not change the personality and the essence of a person’s soul and hence does not change a person’s gender in the eyes of the Church. The New Testament presents eunuchs as acceptable candidates for evangelism, absolution and also eligible to be the members of the clergy but they are not considered valid candidates to marry. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socio Economic Status Hijras are treated as social outcasts in modern India despite the fact that they formed an ancient social group which has been recognized for roughly four thousand years and depicted in India’s epic literature and temple sculptures due to degradation of the status of the Hijras during the colonial period, when several laws criminalizing them were enforced. Little has changed since the post-independence era, since the most common livelihoods for a modern-day Hijra include begging, dancing and engaging in prostitution although they still are regarded as harbingers of good luck at auspicious events such as a marriage or the birth of a child. The major foundation of social structure among the Hijras is the relation between a guru and their chelas, which is modeled both on the Hindu joint family and on the relationship of spiritual leader and disciple in Hinduism. The guru is synonymous to both a teacher and an elder in a family, who is expected to take care of the chela’s material needs, whereas the chela is expected to show deference and obedience to the guru and offer the guru her earnings. An effective measure of social control prevalent in the Hijra community over its members is mainly through the rigorous monopoly over the opportunities of work by the Hijra elders. Hijra members are required to pay compensation to the particular guru in whose territory she wants to earn her living in, and they have to forfeit this right to earn when they are thrown out of the particular territory. An outcast Hijra has virtually no source of income since she will neither be able to perform in any auspicious event or ritual, since all Hijra performances are mandated by a guru, nor be able to beg in another guru’s territory. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Politics Hijras have been perceived by the legislatures of both India (1994) and Pakistan (2009) as a new gender section, the third sex. Consequently, the government has conceding them the essential social equality of each native. They can now distinguish themselves as a eunuch on official government documents and passports, but contesting in elections is still an impediment for Hijras since candidates contesting for elections have to clearly identify themselves as either of the two genders accommodated by the redundant governmental laws. The Election Committee of India denied the candidature of three Hijras in the 2009 general elections on the basis of non-identification of the candidates into the binary genders. The first transgender to be elected in public office is Shabnam Mausi Bano, an elected member of the Madhya Pradesh State Legislative Assembly from 1998 to 2003. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transgender Rights After the official recognition of transgenders as a â€Å"third sex†, welfare policies were introduced first in the states Tamil Nadu and Kerala, where transgender people could access free sex reassignment surgery, free housing, admission in government colleges with full scholarship and alternative sources of livelihood through formation of self-help groups. On 15th April 2014, the Supreme Court of India declared transgender people as a socially and economically backward class entitled to reservations in Education and Job, and also directed union and state governments to frame welfare schemes for them, On 24 April 2015, the Rajya Sabha passed the Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014 guaranteeing rights and entitlements, reservations in education and jobs (2% reservation in government jobs), legal aid, pensions, unemployment allowances and skill development for transgender people. It also contains provisions to prohibit discrimination in employment, prevent abuse, violence and exploitation of transgender people. Sadly, Homosexual intercourse was made a criminal offense under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. This made it an offence for a person to voluntarily have carnal intercourse against the order of nature. The Ministry of Home Affairs also stated its opposition against the decriminalization of homosexual activity, stating that in India, homosexuality is seen as being immoral. 7. Famous Transgender Personalities 7.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kalki Subramanian Kalki Subramaniam is a transgender rights activist, artist, actor, writer and entrepreneur from Tamil Nadu. In 2011, she starred in the Tamil film, Narthagi. She is the first transgender woman in India to do a lead role in a motion picture. In 2008, she founded the Sahodari Foundation, an organization that advocates for transgender people in India. She has postgraduate degrees in mass communication and in international relations. Subramaniam founded Sahaj International school in 2017, which is dedicated to serving transgender students ages 25 through 50 who have not been supported in mainstream schools. It is the first school specifically designated for transgender students in India and is located in Kochi, Kerala. 7.2  Ã‚  Ã‚   Padmini Prakash Padmini Prakash is India’s first transgender to anchor a daily television news show, emerging as a prominent voice for the neglected community. She is an avid Bharatanatyam and Kathak dancer and acted in a television serial. She has also been awarded Miss Transgender of India. She has been a vocal activist for transgender rights, and has been protesting against the discrimination, harassment and stigma that the sexual minority faces in India. 7.3  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manabi Bandyopadhyay Manabi Bandyopadhyay is the professor and first transgender person in India who has completed Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Bandyopadhyay was associate professor in Bengali at Vivekananda Satobarshiki Mahavidyalaya and took charge as principal of Krishnagar Womens College on 7 June 2015. She is Indias first openly transgender college principal, and began work as such in 2015 at the Krishnagar Womens College in Nadia district. Manabi is a devotee of Sarada Devi and she was initiated in spiritual life by Swami Atmasthananda. 8. Conclusion The report analyzes the history and the present situation of the transgenders in India. From being revered and respected in ancient times, they became social outcasts in modern times. In spite of the government implementing numerous welfare programs and declaring reservations in government jobs and services, a huge percentage of the Hijras are still trapped in slums on the margins of the cities, engaging in prostitution and begging, bereft of these benefits. A better implementation of the welfare schemes and strict criminal action against people who exploit, discriminate and alienate transgenders is sorely required for the social and economic upliftment of the Hijras. 9. Bibliography https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenderhttp://www.lawctopus.com/academike/case-studies-statistics-survey-hijras/http://www.census2011.co.in/transgender.phphttps://controversycourse.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/sanders-ungendered.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/hijras_transgender_in_india_hiv_human_rights_and_social_exclusion.pdfhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/islam/islam/hijrahttp://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ARSS-Vol.4-No.1-Jan-June-2015-pp.17-19.pdfhttp://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/175/what-does-hinduism-say-about-third-gendered-peoplehttps://thetech.com/2016/08/25/hijra-communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)

Direct and Indirect Costs :: Economics

Direct and Indirect Costs Direct costs ============ An organisation can apportion the costs incurred in the production of products or services in either a direct or an indirect manner. The direct costs can be defined as being the amount materials actually cost plus any other directly linked costs, such as labour. (for Quirk, materials, electricity, labour employee and management, machine depreciation) Production materials, machine or assembly wages =============================================== 1. Labour and wages – the cost of obtaining, training and retaining labour is a significantly high cost which must be allocated to each unit of production. There are many legal obligations as well as social and welfare considerations, which add to this high costs total. In order to work out the exact labour and wages costs to be attributed to each unit of production, an organisation must take a careful study of the production process and allocate the appropriate expenses. If, for example, an individual earns  £10 per hour and processes 10 units during that hour, then  £1 of direct costs may simply be added to each unit. Unfortunately, things are not that simple. There are many other individual costs which an organisation must bear in the employment of individuals. These may include employer’s national insurance contributions, pension payments and insurance policy payments. In most organisations, labour and wage costs account for the majority of direct costs. 2. Materials – the costs of materials differ according to the sector in which an organisation operates. As organisation that operates in the primary sector has comparatively low material costs. At the other end of the scale, in the tertiary sector, the costs of finished goods to a retailer for example, will be extremely high. The principal elements that affect the costs of materials should be included in the organisation's overall budgetary controls. In addition, an organisation must also consider the cost of materials in relation to market demands, as these will inevitably cause periodic fluctuations in material costs. Only those materials that are actually used in the production of a product or service should be considered part of the cost of that product or service. Task 2 Page 2 Other consumables used by the organisation are classed as indirect costs and are considered under separate budgets. Indirect costs ================== (for Quirk, rent/rates, sales/ marketing/ insurance/ non-production depreciation management salaries) Indirect costs are costs incurred in the running of an organisation that cannot be easily apportioned to the production process.

Preserving the Past for the Present and Future

Logan Shetlar Mrs. Deggner Expository Writing 201 30 March 2012 Preserving the Past for the Present and Future Many people have little to no knowledge about human’s prehistoric past, especially that of humans in the Americas. As you cruise down east bound Interstate 70 and make it through St. Louis, you start to drive by one of North America’s largest prehistoric city structures, Cahokia. According to the Cahokia Mounds Historical Site, this city covered six square miles, had 120 mounds, and was home to anywhere between 10,000 to 20,000 people from the years 700 to 1400 AD (Keller).Cahokia use to be a major regional trade center with huge mounds that had large palaces for city rulers, plazas, different neighborhoods, and even gaming fields, but much of this has been lost from natural wear of the land and also human destruction. I-70, although a hugely important interstate nearly connecting coast to coast, cuts right through some of the city, and new housing developments slowly threaten the area (Ritterbush). This human destruction happens all over and continuously erases some of human history from right beneath our feet.Archaeological sites should be preserved in order to protect unwritten human history, create economical benefits, and teach future generations about the human past and allow for future studies. Much of the reason why many people do not realize there is even a problem with the destruction of archaeological sites is that the sites are prehistoric, meaning they date back to times before written records, and most people have not heard of the sites.People in charge of a building project, such as project developers, may not realize they are about to build on top of an ancient prehistoric site, which is why there has been a federal law that now requires an archaeologist to come out to check land that may be developed. An archaeologist job is to work in the field and scientifically record and recover any artifacts they may find, usually se veral feet in the ground. The archaeologist then records all their findings and takes the material items back to a lab where they are cleaned, processed, and recorded (Professional Archaeologist).Needing to hire an archaeologist from the State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPO) inevitably costs money, which makes for a group of people who dislike the law and the idea of preserving sites. Costs vary from the size of the project and weather or not sites are found, and if the law is not followed, federal permits and money can be lost, along with additional fines. All of this can be problematic, and a possible setback in the building plans for the project developers, but it is a very important step (Getting the Archaeological Green Light).In an interview with Prof. Lauren Ritterbush, she told me about the Blue Earth Village, which she has personally worked at in the Manhattan area that has been nearly lost due to human developments. The Blue Earth Village, just east of Manhattan, Kan sas, is an early Kansa Indian village dating back to the 1790s. Modern buildings here, such as houses and a cattle show barn, have covered much of the village that was there prior, but what little is left allows archaeologist a chance to research it and provide the Kansa Indian people with information about their ancestors.If SHPO had been in place when this area was being developed, archaeologists would have been able to excavate the area and record new information about the area. Many archaeological sites also provide economic benefits, such as tourism, to the areas around the world and here in the states. Egypt’s economy relies heavily on tourism, considering the country is home to one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the pyramids, and other archaeological hot spots. In the year 2008, Egypt profited over 11. 8 billion dollars from tourism in the country.Tourism is also responsible for nearly 12 percent of the labor force in Egypt, making these archaeological sites hugely profitable (Dziadosz). For an example a little closer to home, take the Cahokia site mentioned in the beginning of the paper; the museum society there brings in thousands of new visitors each year. According to an article for the International Journal of Business and Management, tourism is a multi-industrial moneymaker that not only creates jobs, such as people who work in the museum at Cahokia, but also gets people to spend money in the area.The people that visit these sites need a hotel to stay in, gas to get their and back home, and food to eat; all providing profits that trickle back into the local economy. (Ardahaey 3). Much of the money that the these preservation sites receive are through donations (apparent on almost any website pertaining to archaeology by the â€Å"donate† page), so any money they make will go directly back into the economy through hiring new employees and allowing more of the sites to be preserved (Ken Keller).Some people may argue that stores, su ch as Wal-Mart, will do more economically for an area, but you cannot put a price tag on the knowledge that can be learned from the sites themselves. Getting an education is one of the most important parts of life in the 21st century, and for many generations to come. We all go to school till we are at least 16 years old and many of us go onto higher education, devoting nearly all of our first 25 years of life to school and gaining an education. Preserving sites give a chance for future generations to learn from the site hands on and lead to possible new discoveries as future technologies are improved.Many people do not really know what an archaeologist really does, or how their work affects anyone in anyway. One misconception of archaeologists is that their work is unimportant. In one of Shana Leslie’s online articles, she states â€Å"Modern archaeologists work closely with specialists in a variety of fields – from medical doctors to environmentalists to policy plan ners† (Leslie). Archaeologists are able to determine what an area’s climate was like thousands of years ago by testing different layers of soils or how a whole group of people began to die out from their bones (Ritterbush).Another important part of the knowledge gained from the work of archaeologist is how humans have evolved over time. Not that human beings have physically changed, but the way we live and the technologies we are able to use and come up with have greatly changed. Archaeologists are able to date their finds and look at how people lived from hundreds of thousands of years ago, to just a couple thousand, which provides incite as to how we went from people using stone tools and living in natural shelters to the iPad using, web surfing, technologically advanced people we are now.The science and knowledge gained from archaeologist field and lab work can affect people in nearly any type of profession, and help teach the future generations about our human past. While the problem of losing archaeological sites to human development is not a news-breaking event, it is still largely important and creates multiple views. People who work in project management and on building planning teams deal with the necessary set backs that may occur from needing SHPO to come in and check their land. SHPO costs money and time, and depending on if a site or sites re found, could increase both of these, making some dislike the archaeological efforts. Many people also have opposing views on the economic values of archaeological sites, believing that the sites could be put to better uses such as farm land or being built up for businesses. Still some people are just unaware of the importance of an archaeologist’s job and the sites they work on. For several reasons, archaeological sites should be preserved because they offer knowledge about prehistoric human history, create economical benefits, and teach future generations about the human past and allow fo r future research.Nearly all of what we know today about life before written records, from locations like Pompeii to the city of Cahokia just east of St. Louis, comes from the work of archaeologist. While archaeological research may cause troubles for project planners who look to build on undeveloped land, the work that these scientist do can provide new information about life before we knew it. The sites found also offer economical benefits as they attract tourists to visit the location and spend their money.These benefits to the economy are incentive to continue and preserve archaeological research as it brings in more money and helps educate future generations. The work of archaeologist helps to advance the knowledge of the human past, provide new information in other professions, and ensure future generations the chance to continue to learn from these sites. For those reasons, there should be more support of archaeologists preserving archaeological sites. Work Cited Ardahaey,  F.. â€Å"Economic Impacts of Tourism Industry. †Ã‚  International Journal of Business and Management   6.   (2011):  206-215. Research Library,  ProQuest. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. Dziadosz, Alexander. â€Å"Egypt Tourism Numbers to Fall Less than Feared. † | Reuters. Thomas Reuters Corporate, 20 Oct. 2009. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. http://af. reuters. com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE59J0PG20091020? sp=true. | Keller, Ken, Eric Young, and Gary Kronk. â€Å"Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site and Cahokia Mounds Museum Society. † Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site and Cahokia Mounds Museum Society. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. http://www. cahokiamounds. org. Leslie, Shana. Archaeology – 10 Common Misconceptions About Archaeologists – Shana Leslie, Freelance Writer – SEO Copywriting & Professional Writing Services. † Shana Leslie, Freelance Writer. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. http://www. shanaleslie. com/item. asp? iid=28. Ri tterbush, Lauren. Personal Interview. 13 Mar. 2012 Professional Archaeologists of Kansas. Getting the Archaeological Green Light for Your Projects. Kansas: Professional Archaeologists of Kansas, 2012. Print. Professional Archaeologists of Kansas. Professional Archaeologists. Kansas: Professional Archaeologists of Kansas, 2012. Print.

Introduction to Early Childhood Education Essay Example

Introduction to Early Childhood Education Essay Example Introduction to Early Childhood Education Essay Introduction to Early Childhood Education Essay A sum-up of the interview conducted in Week Four with an analysis of information collected and how it impacted your apprehension of the professional field of early childhood instruction. In hebdomad four of our category I conducted an interview with a twosome of instructors from my country ( cardinal Florida ) which asked me to stay anon. for proficient grounds. I called them topic ( A ) and capable ( B ) . In that interview they both opened up to me and took me through a journey of the school system in my country. One of the instructors has been learning in this country for about 38 old ages and from what information I had gathered from the interview I can decidedly state that she has seen it all. Teaching was her passion since her early age. she recalls playing instructor with her grandma and aunts seeking to learn them proper English since they merely spoke broken English. Her household migrated to Florida from Greece when she was 6 old ages old and she did non talk a word of English when she started school. She recalls being so diffident and since she didn’t speak any English. all she did was sitting in a corner and colour all twenty-four hours. Up to this twenty-four hours she says she owes everything to her 4th class instructor Mrs. Prim. At first ( A ) thought that Mrs. Prim was the meanest individual in the whole universe for taking away her colouring documents and crayons and coercing her in a manner to larn English. ( A ) Admitted to me that she hated Mrs. Prim for making that to her. but one time she started larning the English linguistic communication she had a alteration of bosom. The remainder as they say is history. ( B ) on the other manus has merely been learning for about 5 old ages and she loves it. She’s an E. S. L. teacher and her twenty-four hours consists of learning English to pull the leg of that English is a 2nd linguistic communication. She says that she wants to assist others as person helped her female parent learn the English linguistic communication many old ages ago and helped her make something of herself. A description of at least one cardinal issue or tendency in early childhood plans and how it impacts the instruction of immature kids. Within the field of early childhood instruction. several issues are presently being debated and many new developments are emerging. One of these tendencies is toward the enlargement and redefinition of early childhood instruction to include all educational experiences for kids from birth to 8 old ages of age. Another tendency is the increased involvement in developmentally appropriate instruction. which takes into history what is known about how immature kids develop and larn. and lucifers that to the content and schemes planned for them in early childhood plans. A 3rd tendency is the renewed involvement in incorporate course of study. One attack to this is thematic organisation. in which accomplishments. facts. and subject-matter cognition are integrated around a consolidative subject. A 4th tendency is toward the reliable appraisal of children’s acquisition. which is the procedure of detecting. entering. and otherwise documenting the work kids do and how they do it. as a footing for a assortment of educational determinations that affect a kid. Another tendency is increased involvement in mixed-age groupings in preschools and nongraded instruction in early primary class plans. A concluding tendency is toward multicultural instruction and anti-bias course of study in early childhood in response to quickly turning minority populations. and increasing cultural pluralism and planetary consciousness. A brief description of the instructional approach/model that best lucifers your personal educational doctrine and how you believe that attack contributes to quality programming for immature kids. The High/Scope Approach is the 1 that matches my personal doctrine the best. The High/Scope environment combines teacher-directed and learner-directed constructions to learn pupils to believe creatively and construct relationships utilizing inventiveness while playing games. In other words High/Scope lets the kids use their imaginativeness freely and without any boundaries which encourage pupils to take part in unfastened treatments and inquire unfastened inquiries. Your current doctrine of instruction ( based on your assignment from Week Three ) . My doctrine is to do learning merriment and interesting for my pupils every bit much as possible. I say this because there will ever be a twosome or more childs in a schoolroom that need to be intrigued or need excess attending. I besides believe that some traditional methods tend to be tiring. hich draws students’ involvement elsewhere and off from larning. Your programs. at this point. for your hereafter in early childhood instruction. My programs at this point are to obtain my BA in Early Childhood Education and get down learning World History and Geography. I believe that childs today lack the cognition and the great lessons that can be learned from all the noteworthy characters through history. Just conceive of how would person in the likes of Michelangelo or Da Vinci would had left their grade in history if they didn’t have a great instructor to pave the manner for them.

So Easy To Give Up †Creative Writing

So Easy To Give Up – Creative Writing Free Online Research Papers So Easy To Give Up Creative Writing Some years ago, I was the kind of girl who wrote diary every day, and this habit accompanied me for quite a few years. Life in those years were not so colorful, so things written down in the diary were those like â€Å"Chatted with xx today about the origin of the universe.† or â€Å"Came across a handsome boy but unluckily he did not want to know me.† and so on. But I was that time abundant with thoughts, and I would write about anything happening on me to thousands of words. Apart from things like â€Å"I lied to mom today, and I promise this would never happen again†, there were quite a number of this kind of diaries. But unfortunately I did the same thing again the next day. I also said that â€Å"From today on I would never play computer games, because it is time for me to have a change.† But every time I saw the computer, I totally failed. Give up? That was the main clue of my college years. I was so good at giving up and so used to it that I never felt ashamed but proud of it. That was because I could always find reasons for my giving up. I gave up again and again, from lying, playing computer to life and love. My enthusiasm faded away year after year, and my obligation disappeared. I did not know what I should do and what I could do. Gradually, I feel not used to talk about â€Å"obligation†, however, I used â€Å"idea† to replace it. So I am often asking and being asked â€Å"Have any ideas or not?† when hearing somebody talking about obligation on campus, I would feel so uncomfortable and even a little bit superior because I consider obligation as a naà ¯ve thing. I began to concern about the tiny profit and loss in my life, to measure the distance between men, and to talk about right and wrong. Breadth of mind is becoming narrower and narrower, and mood worse and worse. So what is wrong with me? Haven known the sharp drop in my study, one of my college teacher, who had been concerned about me all the time, wrote a letter to me, expressing his astonishment towards me. His tongue of sadness and grieve moved me till today, and I have to bury the feeling of regret ness down my deep heart. There was a sentence in his letter which impressed me so much. He said, there is something in your life which you can not get again if you give up them once. I know what he meant by this. Man’s ability is limited, if he would not try his best in his prime time, what can we expect from him? I have watched a Japanese movie. It was boring. But there was a sentence in it which I can never forget: â€Å"There are no dress rehearsals in your life. Every day is a living broadcast†. Indeed, we always think there is a day for the living broadcast, so everyday we indulge ourselves in the dress rehearsals, but life, unfortunately, was consumed in these usual days. In fact, everyday is so important and it can not be repeated. To treasure every minute, and to build up my obligation to get close to it. This is the modal of me when I am now in my third year of college. No high-sounding, but never to give up! And now, at least, I would not be satisfied to choose my occupation, to choose my family, to choose a big color TV, to choose health, to choose dentist insurance, too choose my beautiful suit, to choose the boring TV programs, and to choose my life. May be you will say life is just like this, but I will not believe in that! Research Papers on So Easy To Give Up - Creative WritingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationWhere Wild and West MeetStandardized Testing

I'm Daniel, Emily's father Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I'm Daniel, Emily's father - Essay Example Emily is my favorite child and I would not imagine her being pregnant at her age. We established a plan for her academic and career lives before she could settle down in marriage and she agreed to it. The plan would see her excel to be one of the country’s top executives and she would be our source of pride. This is particularly because she has been the most promising, of my children, in academics. I would therefore not imagine the plan being ruined or even getting delayed because of the many uncertainties that would be hindrances. Even with the realization of her pregnancy when it appears to be at an advanced stage, I would request her and her mother to go for confirmatory pregnancy test to confirm truth of the suspicion. I would still find it hard to believe her pregnancy, even with the confirmatory tests. In struggling to accept the truth about her pregnancy, I would be disappointed in her and in myself for our responsibilities in allowing such a thing to happen. By engaging in risky sexual behavior, at her adolescent age, she has engaged in immorality and brought shame on herself and the entire family. This is because our immediate community values sexual dignity and expect people to engage in sex only in marriage. Her pregnancy would therefore be evidence that she engaged in premarital sex and some conservative families would shun our family and even restrict relationships among their children with ours. I would also be disappointed in Emily because her condition threatens the plans and expectations that we had developed about her. I would however be disappointed in myself for failing to take necessary measures for protecting her from environments and associations that led to her pregnancy. I would feel that we failed to create an environment in which she could have informed us of her relationship with a sex partner because such a discussion could have helped in counseling her, ourselves or through a professional counselor, to

Evaluation of the Current Status of Alitalia Essay

Evaluation of the Current Status of Alitalia - Essay Example Correspondingly, this report intends to examine the prospects of Etihad Airways which has started to examine the possibility to buy a majority/total stake in Alitalia, the Italian struggling airline. Alitalia is a prominent Italian based airline group and one of the leading players in the European airline industry. The group operates under the brand name of Alitalia and offers an assortment of premium services at all levels including the purview of domestic, international and intercontinental destinations. Air One is a subsidiary of Alitalia Group that provides low-cost flights to domestic and international routes. Alitalia is a privately owned group and 75% of its ownership is retained by Italian entrepreneurial and financial world while the remaining 25% is acquired by the biggest European airline, Air France-KLM. The group is also the member of SkyTeam alliance and has opened transatlantic joint venture with Air France KLM and Delta. The group over the years has been able to secure and distinguish its position amid its customers particularly due to its superior service quality, maintenance, and passenger care. The pool of well-trained employees along with effective operational management has established it as the most punctual airline across Europe. At the same time, the extensive and ambitious investment plan to make its fleet modernize has tremendously facilitated it with attaining greater customer confidence and trust. Apart from transportation of passengers, the company also operates in cargo sector. It has been able to meet the customers’ shipping requirements through the effective arrangement of cargo charter flights (Alitalia n.d.). Moreover, it has the most modern fleet of 132 aircraft. The company’s financial health during 2012 was worst affected with increasing loss and augmenting debt. However, amid this sluggish performance, the market share of the group across all routes continued to st ay stable at around 22.6% (Alitalia 2013).